A/HRC/29/35 of nations and international co-operation free from discrimination based on such differences (A/HRC/AC/8/3, para. 12).” 15. The proposed draft declaration defines international solidarity as a much broader principle, encompassing a comprehensive and coherent conceptual and operational framework to regulate a spectrum of global governance issues beyond the more limited instances of international cooperation in the development field. For example, international solidarity requires the deployment of preventive solidarity aimed at proactively preventing and removing the root causes of inequalities between developed and developing countries, as well as the structural obstacles that generate poverty. International solidarity represents a multi-directional—rather than a one-way—deployment of action, together with the corresponding obligation and accountability, thus creating a nexus of intersecting elements that would bring about an enabling environment where human rights can be exercised and enjoyed by individuals, groups and peoples. 16. International solidarity is a foundational principle underpinning the three pillars of the Charter of the United Nations : peace and security, development and human rights. The Charter distinctly reaffirms faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small. The Charter is a testimony to the determination of States to establish the conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained; to promote social progress and better standards of life in greater freedom; and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples.6 Accordingly, international solidarity should be understood within the context of the conditions that States are bound to maintain, and not otherwise. The Charter of the United Nations needs to be revisited as often as necessary, as a reminder of its timeless vision, given the evolving needs of a changing world. Article 1 of the Charter, articulating the purposes of the Organization, implicitly calls for international solidarity to undertake effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace. Article 1 also calls for international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character, through international cooperation. The Independent Expert interprets this article as consistent with the view that international cooperation is a key mechanism of international solidarity. 17. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family (preamble), and asserts that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which rights and freedoms can be fully realized (art. 28). The civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights that are enshrined in the Declaration have been codified in various international human rights instruments which the majority of States have ratified. The Declaration and international solidarity are mutually reinforcing since, while the Declaration is one of the pillars upon which international solidarity is built, international solidarity has been, throughout the history of the modern human rights movement, among the most powerful and essential tools of advocates and activists seeking to advance the vision embodied in the Declaration (see A/HRC/21/44/Add.1, para. 4). 18. A number of articles in the Declaration are of particular relevance to international solidarity, such as article 1, which provides that all human beings “are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood”; article 22, which provides that as a member of society, everyone is entitled to the realization “through national effort and international cooperation and in accordance with the organization and 6 Charter of the United Nations, preamble. 7