A/HRC/39/55 privacy. It is no accident that access to sanitation and menstrual hygiene management do not receive due and priority attention in the humanitarian context. 61. A national coordination structure to address emergency situations is an important feature of preparedness. During a natural disaster that leads the internal displacement of many people, it is not always clear who is responsible at the governmental level and who is accountable for them, which may lead to inadequate or delayed access to water and sanitation services. The WASH cluster in Ethiopia is strengthening information management and monitoring in the light of the lessons learned with regard to the importance of preparedness and its role in development activities during the previous emergency in 2016.54 62. The infrastructure of water and sanitation systems should also be planned in an adaptive way, to allow it to be flexible enough to cope with emergency situations. Contingency plans on, for example, making repairs, are vital to ensure system resilience. To begin with, the Government, in order to ensure preparedness, must be aware of the capacity of existing services and infrastructure, and of the degree of people’s access — otherwise, humanitarian actors will struggle to plan, prioritize and choose the most appropriate interventions. In Tunisia, for example, humanitarian actors developed an inter-agency contingency plan, which included an assessment of existing infrastructures and services, in order to be prepared for the potential influx of forcibly displaced persons fleeing violence in Libya in May 2014. Similarly, UNHCR is working with the Government of Turkey to assess the capacity of water and sanitation services in Istanbul in relation to the number of forcibly displaced persons that can be accommodated. 63. Preparedness is also vital in the context of climate change, which is increasingly becoming a major cause of displacement. Since 2008, an estimated 22.5 million people per year have been displaced, internally or across borders, by weather or climate-related disasters (see A/HRC/37/35, para. 5). The adverse effects of climate change have a disproportionate impact on the poor, children, women, persons with disabilities, indigenous people and minorities. The President of Kiribati has advocated for “migration with dignity”, given that at least some communities affected by climate change will have to be relocated to less exposed areas (A/HRC/24/44/Add.1, para. 52). The potential relocation of citizens of one State (Kiribati) to an island in the territory of another (Fiji) has serious human rights implications for those relocated, including their rights to essential access to basic services and to nationality. Strengthening adaptation efforts to the decreasing availability of water to those on remote outer islands, while preparing them for informed decision-making on the likelihood of migration, will be a daunting challenge in coming years. V. Conclusions and recommendations 64. It goes without saying that forcibly displaced persons need access to water and sanitation continuously en route, in transition and in destination countries for their survival, but also to be able to live in dignity. In actual fact, however, most forcibly displaced persons still endure a lack of adequate access to water, sanitation and hygiene services, including menstrual hygiene management, owing to the frequent change of the actors providing assistance, and discrimination, whether intentional or unintentional. In cases of armed conflict, States and armed non-State actors often eschew their responsibility to provide water and sanitation services and/or to ensure humanitarian access. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that forcibly displaced persons in need of humanitarian assistance are rights holders. Receiving countries cannot justify restrictions on the enjoyment of the essential content of economic, social and cultural rights on the basis of a lack of resources. States, especially economically developed States, have no justification for providing forcibly displaced persons with substandard water and sanitation services as a means to restrict their entry into the territory of the State or as a means to deter forcibly displaced persons from staying. 54 See Ethiopia Humanitarian response 2016, WASH Cluster Bulletin, “Reinforcing preparedness in emergency”, October 2016. 17