A/HRC/45/CRP.11 internal enemies (of the State).497 More on these plans are in Chapter V on Violations in the Context of Protests. B. Police 197. Under the 1999 Constitution,498 the civilian security forces consist of the uniformed national police corps; the scientific, criminal and criminological investigation corps; a civilian fire department and emergency management corps; and a civil defence and disaster management organization.499 There are also 24 police forces at the state level and 99 at the municipal level, regulated by the relevant local Government decrees. Proposed reforms to the police system initiated in 2006 and led by a National Commission on Police Reform (CONAREPOL), which aimed to both act more effectively against organized crime and violations committed by police, never took hold.500 198. The police respond administratively to the Ministry of Popular Power of Interior Relations, Justice and Peace (hereinafter Ministry of the Interior). The Minister of the Interior acts under the command of the President.501 Within the period under review, the Ministers of the Interior have been Miguel Rodríguez Torres502 (April 2013 to October 2014); Carmen Meléndez Teresa Rivas (October 2014 to March 2015); Gustavo González López (March 2015 to August 2016) who at the time of writing is also Director General of SEBIN; and Néstor Reverol Torres (August 2016 to present).503 Twelve of the last 15 Ministers of the Interior, including all Ministers appointed since President Maduro assumed power, have been military personnel. 199. Overall, there is scant information on the actions and results of State police forces. This includes information related to crime rates and changes over time. The lack of transparency makes it difficult to analyse impacts of citizen security forces in addressing insecurity in the country and to ensure accountability. In light of the security situation, State police forces have taken increasingly heavy-handed approaches that have resulted in human rights violations, as discussed further in Chapter IV on Violations in a Security and Social Control Context.504 The National Bolivarian Police (PNB) 200. The National Bolivarian Police (PNB) is the main civil security force at national level, which replaced the Metropolitan Police of Caracas. The 2008 Organic Law on the Police Service and National Police505 affirms that the police service is “predominantly preventive, 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 54 Manual de normas y procedimientos operativos del servicio de policía administrativa especial y de investigación penal en apoyo a la administración pública en materia de orden público, MAP GNB CO 07 03 01-1, 1 April 2015, p. 160. Under article 55 of the 1999 Constitution, the State security forces are required to respect human rights and the use of arms is limited by the principles of necessity and proportionality. 1999 Constitution, art. 332. See Roberto Briceño-León, La Policía y su Reforma en Venezuela, August 2007, available at: https://revistas.flacsoandes.edu.ec/urvio/article/view/164-172. Organization chart of the Ministry of the Interior: http://www.mpprijp.gob.ve/?page_id=91. Miguel Rodríguez Torres later denounced the Government and was arrested in 2018. See Control Ciudadano, Information, available at: https://www.controlciudadano.org/tag/miguel-rodriguez-torres. In August 2016, General Reverol Torres was indicted in the United States on drug trafficking related crimes allegedly committed while director of Venezuela’s Anti-Drug Office. See Former Top Leaders of Venezuela’s Anti-Narcotics Agency Indicted For Trafficking Drugs To The United States, 1 August 2016, available at: https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/former-top-leaders-venezuela-s-antinarcotics-agency-indicted-trafficking-drugs-united. See indictment at: https://www.justice.gov/doj/page/file/1261891/download. See Acceso a la Justicia, Visión Panoramica del Sistema Policial en Venezuela, 2010-2018, available at: https://www.accesoalajusticia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Informe-sobredesempe%C3%B1o-sistema-policial-venezolano-2000-2018-1.pdf. Decree No. 5.895, con Rango, Valor y Fuerza de Ley Orgánica del Servicio de Policía y del Cuerpo de Policía Nacional, published in the Official Gazette No. 5880 (reforms published in Official Gazette No. 5940), available at: https://derechovenezolano.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/ley-orgc3a1nica-delservicio-de-policc3ada-y-del-cuerpo-de-policc3ada-nacional.pdf. See also webpage of the PNB,