A/HRC/31/31 with the initial support of OHCHR. The indicators are used to monitor the implementation of action plans, including the National Human Rights Action Plan and the Food and Nutrition Security Plan of Action, and for treaty bodies reporting obligations. The indicators developed on the right to adequate food are being expanded under the Global Right to Food and Nutrition Network of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.6 The Constitution enshrines a broad range of economic, social and cultural rights, as well as the obligation of the Government to monitor and prepare annual reports on the implementation of State policies and programmes to be submitted to the Parliament.7 9. In 2010, Kenya established a working group comprising representatives of the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights, the Ministry of Devolution and Planning and other State entities, with a view to encouraging the use of indicators among government agencies. In 2013, the Commission, assisted by the Center for Economic and Social Rights, published a primer entitled Rights-based Policy Monitoring, which includes several modules about the human rights indicators developed by OHCHR. In 2014, a handbook on national reporting on the progress of the development plan, Kenya Vision 2030, included a section on human rights monitoring and the use of indicators.8 10. The South African Human Rights Commission and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) developed a national assessment using key indicators to analyse the fulfilment of children’s rights, including the rights to birth registration, water and sanitation, housing, parental and social care and adequate food.9 B. Measuring immediate obligations and progressive realization 11. Measuring progress in economic, social and cultural rights is related to obligations to respect, protect and fulfil. Both immediate obligations and progressive realization need to be monitored. Immediate obligations include eliminating any discrimination in law and in practice; guaranteeing economic, social and cultural rights (for instance, the right to establish trade unions) and elements of those rights (for instance, legal security of tenure) that are not subject to progression realization; taking steps towards the full realization of these rights; ensuring non-retrogression; and securing minimum core obligations. Both the steps taken and the results achieved for the populations concerned should be monitored. It also means that “national strategies, policies and plans should use appropriate indicators and benchmarks, disaggregated on the basis of the prohibited grounds of discrimination”.10 12. At the core of the concept of progressive realization11 is the immediate and continuous obligation to take appropriate measures for the full realization of economic, social and cultural rights to the maximum extent of available resources. To assess elements 6 7 8 9 10 11 See indicators for monitoring economic, social and cultural rights in Nepal. Available from www.nhrcnepal.org/books.php?&nstart=1&start=3&num_totrec=43&n=&page=B. See article 53 of the Constitution. Available from www.mofa.gov.np/the-constitution-of-nepal. For more information, see Rights-based Policy Monitoring (available at www.cesr.org/downloads/knchr.escr.primer.pdf?preview=1) and Second National Handbook of National Reporting: Indicators for the Second Medium-Term Plan 2013-2017 of Kenya Vision 2030 (Ministry of Devolution and Planning, 2014, available at www.devolutionplanning.go.ke). South Africa’s Children, A Review of Equity and Child Rights (2011). Available at www.unicef.org/southafrica/SAF_resources_factschildrens11.pdf. See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20 (2009) on nondiscrimination in economic, social and cultural rights, para. 41. As found in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 2 (1); the Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 4; and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 4 (2). 5