A/HRC/33/53 internally as a result of the conflict in north-eastern Nigeria. It is estimated that there are nearly 400,000 Nigerian refugees and internally displaced persons in neighbouring Chad, in northern Cameroon and in the Diffa region of the Niger. In Zimbabwe, which has seen a steep increase in child migration flows in recent years, the main reported causes of child migration are: sexual abuse by caregivers, peer pressure, the death of a caregiver (mostly from HIV- and AIDS-related complications), the breakdown of traditional families, public budgets that do not prioritize child rights, deteriorating education standards, high school dropout rates and poverty.10 19. In Senegal, children who agree to talk about the causes pushing them to migrate cite mainly economic reasons. Their parents entrust them to people who promise to find them work in neighbouring regions or other African countries. Most are subjected to the worst forms of child labour, however.11 In Swaziland, children migrate mainly to flee from war and persecution and therefore try to go to a non-neighbouring country where human rights are respected.12 20. In West and Central Africa, migration is strongly influenced by the region’s rapid population growth. Conflicts in the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali and Nigeria result in huge numbers of people being displaced, a large proportion of whom are children. In addition, because of the high demand for cheap and productive labour, young people are very attractive to contractors. A high proportion of those active in agricultural fields, gold and diamond mines, stone quarries, the informal sector and domestic work are children working in exploitative conditions. 21. In Bangladesh, as in other Asian countries, there is a tradition of engaging in labour migration during the transition from childhood to adulthood. Children are urged to migrate as a passage to adulthood and are often forced by their families to leave and migrate in order to bring money to the household. Cultural norms and traditions contribute to children being trapped in poverty, increasing their vulnerability to abuse and exploitation.13 These cases tend to also have a strong gender dimension, as is the case of the marriage market in India. 22. In May 2015, the European Migrant Network produced a synthesis report entitled Policies, Practices and Data on Unaccompanied Minors in the EU Member States and Norway. In it, the main reasons and circumstances encouraging children to migrate, as reported by the States receiving them, were grouped into three categories: a fragile environment, other reasons and special reasons. Fragile environment 23. The following countries cited security concerns: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, and Norway. 24. The following countries cited economic and aspirational reasons, including education: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Norway. 10 11 12 13 6 Information provided by Terre des Hommes Zimbabwe. Information provided by Caritas Senegal. Information provided by Caritas Swaziland. Information provided by Caritas Bangladesh.