A/HRC/42/45 118. While the law succeeds in adopting a holistic approach to victims in a situation of vulnerability, its implementation is insufficient. Out of approximately 24,000 persons registered as victims of sexual violence (90 per cent of whom are women), only approximately 7,000 have received compensation, including advice on how best to invest the money and use it for empowerment purposes. 122 V. Conclusions 119. The Special Rapporteur notes the recognition by States and in State practice of the right to reparation for victims of mass atrocities that goes beyond compensation and includes an array of measures. Important State practice has emerged on how to design, implement and monitor domestic reparation programmes, from which valuable lessons can be drawn. 120. The establishment of appropriate reparation systems is essential in order to provide effective reparation to victims. The more measures included in a programme, the more robust the system would need to be in order to implement them, including through extensive local outreach. 121. The Special Rapporteur underscores the need to establish a comprehensive registration of victims prior to the design of reparation programmes, and to assess the universe of victims and the expected costs. 122. Such programmes must also be underpinned by a solid legal framework that provides sustainability and shields victims from political upheaval, as well as by adequate resource allocation to guarantee their implementation. 123. Victims are often in a vulnerable situation and excluded from decision-making. Their participation, and/or consultation with them, remains crucial to ensure that the views of all those who have suffered harm are duly taken into account during the design, implementation and monitoring of reparation programmes. 124. The Special Rapporteur stresses the importance of providing victims with effective and timely rehabilitation in the areas of physical and mental health, as well as other services such as education. 125. Refugees, internally displaced persons and migrants continue to be neglected in reparation programmes. A key challenge for the future is how best to include them in such programmes so that they can obtain adequate reparation. 126. Redressing victims of sexual violence, and children born out of rape, remains another key challenge. Effective systems require special measures to prevent the social exposure of these victims and to avoid inflicting further harm on them. 127. Civil society organizations play an essential role in ensuring that domestic reparation programmes are set up properly and that possible deficiencies are addressed. They are also crucial in reaching out to victims, as shown in cases of victims of sexual violence, and in setting up registration processes, documenting harm caused to victims, and providing, when possible, psychosocial support. 128. The Special Rapporteur outlines below his recommendations for the effective implementation of domestic reparation programmes. VI. Recommendations 129. In the design and implementation of domestic reparation programmes, States should: 122 20 See www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20colombia/documentos/publicaciones/2018/01/ mujeres%20victimas%20final.pdf?la=es&vs=1047, p. 31.