A/HRC/32/41 in cross-border trafficking of arms, drugs and other illicit products that have the capacity to expand into trafficking in persons and that are in a position to take advantage of additional opportunities to generate profit. A weak or non-existent justice and protection system that perpetuates impunity fails to protect the most vulnerable groups and individuals of society from exploitation. Porous borders that make border crossing easier further contribute to trafficking. Other factors include a high prevalence and toleration of violence that extends beyond armed forces to include communities and families, as well as pressure to move, leading to dangerous migration decisions. 60. These and other factors do not just create the conditions under which trafficking can occur; they also exacerbate the vulnerability of those who may already be susceptible to being trafficked, including women, refugees and unaccompanied children. 61. In addition, the nature and form of trafficking in persons associated with conflict are highly gendered. For example, abduction into military forces affects males and females differently. Men and boys are typically forced into soldiering while women and girls are generally forced into support roles and typically face much greater risk of sexual assault as either a primary purpose or an additional manifestation of their exploitation. As previously noted, sexual enslavement, a practice exacerbated by situations of conflict, is highly gendered in that it disproportionately affects women and girls. Other forms of trafficking-related exploitation particular to or especially prevalent in conflict, including forced and temporary marriage, are highly gendered in their motivation and impact, which underscores the importance of a gender analysis in all trafficking prevention efforts and responses. 62. Finally, while the Special Rapporteur in the present report raises international awareness of the forms and nature of trafficking in persons related to the complex situation of conflict, she by no means deals exhaustively with all such forms and types of trafficking. As new types of conflict arise and modern means of combat are used, further research is required to identify new and emerging forms of trafficking related to conflict. V. Recommendations 63. In view of States’ legal responsibility to identify, protect and assist trafficked persons in all circumstances, including in conflict and post-conflict situations, and to work to ensure that those responsible for violations of human rights and the laws of war are held accountable, the Special Rapporteur offers the following recommendations. Recommendations in relation to trafficking of persons in conflict areas or trafficking of persons fleeing conflict 64. All States, particularly those hosting potential victims of trafficking among persons fleeing conflict, should: (a) Protect people, particularly children, women and minority groups in conflict-affected areas and people fleeing conflict, from all forms of trafficking in persons; (b) Identify measures to prevent exploitation of the labour of nationals and non-nationals fleeing conflict, including by establishing safe and legal channels of 17