A/HRC/42/49 i) Lack of interest, reluctance or failure of States Members of the United Nations or members of international or regional organizations to support a State to exercise its responsibility to protect populations from atrocity crimes, or to take action when the State manifestly fails that responsibility; j) Lack of support by neighbouring States to protect populations at risk and in need of refuge, including by closure of borders, forced repatriation or aid restriction; k) crimes. Lack of an early warning mechanism relevant to the prevention of atrocity Risk factor 7. Enabling circumstances or preparatory action a) Imposition of emergency laws or extraordinary security measures that erode fundamental rights; b) Suspension of or interference with vital State institutions, or measures that result in changes in their composition or balance of power, particularly if this results in the exclusion or lack of representation of protected groups; c) Strengthening of the security apparatus, its reorganization or mobilization against protected groups, populations or individuals; d) Acquisition of large quantities of arms and ammunition or of other objects that could be used to inflict harm; e) Creation of, or increased support to, militia or paramilitary groups; f) Imposition of strict control on the use of communication channels, or banning access to them; g) Expulsion or refusal to allow the presence of non-governmental organizations, international organizations, media or other relevant actors, or imposition of severe restrictions on their services and movements; h) Increased violations of the right to life, physical integrity, liberty or security of members of protected groups, populations or individuals, or recent adoption of measures or legislation that affect or deliberately discriminate against them; i) Increased serious acts of violence against women and children, or creation of conditions that facilitate acts of sexual violence against those groups, including as a tool of terror; j) Imposition of life-threatening living conditions or the deportation, seizure, collection, segregation, evacuation or forced displacement or transfer of protected groups, populations or individuals to camps, rural areas, ghettos or other assigned locations; k) Destruction or plundering of essential goods or installations for protected groups, populations or individuals, or of property related to cultural and religious identity; l) m) violence; Marking of people or their property based on affiliation to a group; Increased politicization of identity, past events or motives to engage in n) Increased inflammatory rhetoric, propaganda campaigns or hate speech targeting protected groups, populations or individuals. Risk factor 8. Triggering factors a) Sudden deployment of security forces or commencement of armed hostilities; b) Spillover of armed conflicts or serious tensions in neighbouring countries; c) Measures taken by the international community perceived as threatening to a State’s sovereignty; d) Abrupt or irregular regime changes, transfers of power, or changes in political power of groups; 56 GE.19-13419