A/HRC/39/72 While the State formation process was completed in 2016, border disputes and territorial claims persist, in particular between Puntland and Galmudug. There is also an active conflict between Puntland and Somaliland in the Sool and Sanaag regions. In the humanitarian sphere, the Independent Expert notes the almost twofold increase in internal displacement. The Independent Expert commends the humanitarian response for having averted loss of lives following the drought in 2017. He notes the unusually heavy rains and flooding during the second quarter of 2018, which displaced thousands of people and caused deaths in the Shabelle river valley and in Mogadishu, respectively. The Independent Expert takes note of measures taken by AMISOM, such as the recruitment of human rights protection officers, who will enhance its compliance with human rights and international humanitarian law obligations. He commends AMISOM for taking further measures to eliminate sexual exploitation and abuse and to minimize civilian casualties during its operations. The Independent Expert calls for the expeditious conclusion of the constitutional review process. He urges the Federal Government and the Federal Members States to increase their cooperation in order to enhance respect for human rights in Somalia. The Independent Expert concludes the report by making several recommendations on the identified challenges, including that the international community ensure that the drawdown of AMISOM troops be based on realistic timelines and criteria and that the Somali National Army is properly trained, funded and equipped to enable it to guarantee national security. He further recommends that the Federal Government accede/ratify several international and regional human rights instruments that it has not yet acceded to. 2