A/HRC/38/43 41. Trans and gender non-conforming persons, especially when they are persons of colour, belong to ethnic minorities or are migrants, living with HIV, or sex workers, are particularly at risk of violence, including of killing, beatings, mutilation, rape and other forms of abuse and maltreatment. A striking indicator of gender-based violence against them is the high murder rate. A monitoring project recorded a total of 2,609 reports of murdered trans and gender non-conforming people in 71 countries worldwide between 1 January 2008 and 30 September 2017. Given that the murders of trans and gender nonconfirming people are not systematically recorded and that in most countries a system to produce adequate data is not even in place, the actual number is certainly much higher. 37 42. Information currently available suggests that trans men and other trans-masculine persons tend to be less visible in reports and data than lesbians, gays or trans women. Arguably, if this is a reflection of less visibility in everyday situations, this may shield them from the types of societal violence usually affecting other gender non-conforming persons;38 they are, however, victims of severe violence in the family, in the health sector, and of school bullying. 39 Acts of violence include verbal, physical and sexual abuse, including so-called “corrective” rape, and forced marriage. 40 43. Trans persons are particularly vulnerable to human rights violations when their name and sex details in official documents do not match their gender identity or expression. Inaccurate or inadequate identity documents may result in greater levels of violence and extortion, exclusion from school and the official labour market, housing, health (A/HRC/35/21, para. 58) and access to other social services, and in being able to cross borders. In times of emergencies, such as natural disasters or a humanitarian crisis, the lack of identity documents matching gender expression may even have a greater level of significance, for example when seeking access to emergency care, services and protection measures. 44. Moreover, trans persons are also victim of violence in health-care settings. In order to practice their right to recognition before the law, they are regularly forced into involuntary psychiatric evaluations, unwanted surgeries, sterilization or other coercive medical procedures, often justified by discriminatory medical classifications (see A/HRC/19/41, para. 57 and A/HRC/29/23, para. 54).41 D. Violence and discrimination based on sexual orientation 45. Misogyny, patriarchy and gender inequalities put lesbian and bisexual women at risk of violence. They are victims of rape — targeted to punish them or, allegedly, in efforts to “change” their sexual orientation — and also of forced marriage, female genital mutilation, forcible impregnation, collective beatings for public display of affection, attacks with acid and “conversion therapies”. In many cases, stigma is reinforced by deeply-rooted cultural norms and beliefs about masculinity, the concept of the “traditional” family or the use of women as a source of income in circumstances where there is great poverty. Lesbian and 37 38 39 40 41 10 Trans Murder Monitoring, Transrespect versus Transphobia Worldwide (TvT) (see https://transrespect.org/en/trans-murder-monitoring/tmm-resources/); Boglarka Fedorko and Lukas Berredo, The vicious circle of violence: trans and gender-diverse people, migration, and sex work, TvT Publication Series, vol. 16, October 2017. See also Transgender Europe (TGEU), “Trans Day of Remembrance (TDoR) 2017”, press release, 14 November 2017 and A/HRC/38/43/Add.1, para. 47. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, “An Overview of Violence” (see footnote 28). Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, “Violence against LGBTI Persons” (see footnote 25), para. 104. APF and UNDP, Promoting and Protecting Human Rights (see footnote 36); Transgender Europe, For the record — Documenting violence against trans people: experiences from Armenia, Georgia, Germany, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine, December 2016, p. 51; Human Rights Watch, “We’ll Show You You’re a Woman”: Violence and Discrimination against Black Lesbians and Transgender Men in South Africa, December 2011. Also based on submissions by 6Rang, Iranian Lesbian and Transgender Network to the Independent Expert. See also OHCHR, “Pathologization — Being lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or trans is not an illness” for International Day against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia, 12 May 2016.