A/HRC/40/56 78. The International Collective in Support of Fishworkers similarly monitors issues that relate to the livelihoods of fishery workers and helps prepare guidelines for policymakers that often integrate a gender perspective on issues facing small-scale fisheries. In 2014, for example, the Collective supported women fish workers of Mumbai to prevent the eviction of a fish market and to demonstrate the importance of cooperatives, especially in enabling women vendors to access markets and credit. D. Role of consumers 79. Fish rank third in the top five products presenting a risk of modern slavery imported into the Group of 20 countries: approximately $12.9 billion worth of seafood may be the product of modern slavery. While some States have taken action to stop sourcing goods and services at risk of being produced by forced labour, most consumers who purchase fish are unknowingly part of an abusive supply chain. Even when consumers express concern over revelations of human trafficking and the abuse of workers in fishery supply chains, they often lack sufficient information to effectively use market demand and purchasing power to effect change. 80. As for agricultural products, certification and labelling schemes relevant to fish are voluntary and primarily focused on the sustainability of the product rather than on the conditions of supply chain workers (A/73/164, para. 83). Even those certifications that meet United Nations benchmark requirements under the Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative, including Marine Stewardship Council and Best Aquaculture Practices certification, do not take a human rights-based approach when evaluating labour practices.76 81. Persistent consumer demand for specific types of fish, such as tuna, salmon and shrimp, not only perpetuate overfishing practices but are more likely to result in worker exploitation, as companies will try to cut worker protections to maximize profit. Meanwhile, global trade guarantees the availability of fish at affordable prices. Even if a particular species is on the brink of collapse in one particular area, it may be thriving in another region, or may be raised in aquaculture. For example, even though domestic demand for shrimp in the United States has outpaced national production since 1982, consumers continue to enjoy the once-luxury food item at low prices year-round, due to aquaculture and global supply chains. As discussed above, the shrimp industry is among the worst offenders of workers’ rights. 82. Diversifying consumption of fish species beyond shrimp, salmon and tuna and seeking out additional information from sources such as the Monterey Bay Aquarium and the Seafood Watch programme will indirectly reduce the risk of worker abuses. Consumers should also consider purchasing fish through a community-supported fishery model, which seeks to directly link small-scale fishers to consumers, thus shortening the supply chain and minimizing the risks of worker exploitation. Such models provide fishers with roughly 30 per cent more revenue 77 than the traditional market, and consumers learn about fishing methods, seasonality in seafood and the role of fisheries in supporting the livelihoods of communities. V. Conclusion and recommendations 83. States should: (a) Improve human rights protection for fishery workers, including those who are informally employed and especially those in categories that are currently vulnerable, including women and children, migrant workers, members of indigenous peoples and coastal communities; 76 77 FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018, pp. 151–152. Anna Child, “The community supported fishery (CSF) model”, FAO, GLOBEFISH. 17