A/HRC/39/51 disability were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, compared with 20.8 per cent of those with no disability.19 Children with disabilities are less likely to attend school, which reduces their chances for future employment opportunities. Persons with disabilities are more likely to be unemployed and earn less even when they are employed; microfinance institutions are often unwilling to lend to persons with disabilities. 20 16. A survey conducted in one European country in 2013 21 on health inequalities between the general population and the Roma minority showed that, with regard to mortality, the average age at death in surveyed households was some 52 years old for the Roma sample, and over 68 years for the general population. In relation to the survival time following diagnoses of an illness, 29 per cent of respondents in the Roma sample survived less than one year, versus 17 per cent in the general population. The survey also showed that Roma faced greater obstacles and difficulties in accessing health care and paying for medication: 11 per cent of Roma respondents reported that within the last year they had needed health care but not got it, in comparison with 5 per cent of the general population. A total of 72 per cent of Roma stated that they could not afford the cost of a medical examination (compared with 56 per cent of respondents in the general population), while 48 per cent also stated that they could not afford the cost of transport (compared with 31 per cent of the general population). In addition, 41 per cent did not have medical insurance (compared with 33 per cent of the general population). Roma were also more likely to delay buying medication or take less of the medication prescribed in order to save money. In relation to specific medical conditions, while 100 per cent of the general population who had been diagnosed with either tuberculosis or pneumonia reported receiving treatment, those figures fell to 89 per cent of Roma diagnosed with pneumonia and 95 per cent of those diagnosed with tuberculosis. 17. Many people are affected by multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination, i.e., are discriminated against on more than one ground.22 Among others, people from particular ethnicities, castes and minorities, indigenous peoples, migrants, refugees, stateless and displaced persons, children, youth, women, older persons, slum dwellers and persons living with HIV/AIDS are often excluded, disempowered and discriminated against, in law, policy and practice, resulting in inequalities in both opportunities and outcomes. 23 Discrimination based on poverty is another, less widely recognized type of inequality. According to the International Monetary Fund, in many countries, low-income households and small-scale firms often face challenges in accessing health services and education, but also basic financial services due to lack of financial knowledge, complicated processes, onerous paperwork, and other market failures. Moreover, available financial products tend to be more limited and relatively costly.24 The most recent ILO Global Wage Report25 highlighted that discrimination and wage penalties suffered by women, migrant workers and workers in the informal economy (who are often from disadvantaged groups) contribute to income inequality. 18. According to Eurostat, in the European Union in 2015, 34.3 per cent of people with at most lower secondary educational attainment were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, while only 11.7 per cent of those with tertiary education were in the same situation. Similarly, in 2015, 68.2 per cent of the young children (aged 0–6) of parents who had at most pre-primary and lower secondary education were at risk of poverty or social exclusion. This was over six times higher than for children of parents with first- or second-stage 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 8 Eurostat, “Sustainable development in the European Union”, pp. 34–35. UNDP, Humanity Divided, box 4.1. entitled “Inequality and people with disabilities”, p. 144. European Roma Rights Centre, “Hidden health crisis: Health inequalities and disaggregated data”, pp. 15-19. Available at www.errc.org/uploads/upload_en/file/hidden-health-crisis-31-october-2013.pdf. See, for example, Human Rights Council resolution 32/17. United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, Leaving no one behind: Equality and Non-Discrimination at the Heart of Sustainable Development: A Shared United Nations System Framework for Action (United Nations, New York, 2017), p. 18. Dabla-Norris and others, “Causes and consequences of income inequality”, pp. 16-18. See ILO, Global wage report 2016/2017. Available at www.ilo.org/global/research/globalreports/global-wage-report/2016/lang--en/index.htm.