A/HRC/39/64 99. The Mission proposes an accountability process that is transformative, victimcentred, comprehensive and inclusive. 12 The process is aimed at contributing to three fundamental shifts: breaking the climate of impunity, ensuring that all State institutions, including the security forces, are answerable to the people, and promoting a concept of the State and the nation of Myanmar that is inclusive, based on equality and respect for the human rights of all. These considerations should permeate all measures adopted in the areas of truth, justice, reparations and guarantees of non-recurrence. IX. Conclusions and recommendations 100. The gross human rights violations and abuses committed in Kachin, Rakhine and Shan States are shocking for their horrifying nature and ubiquity. Many of these violations undoubtedly amount to the gravest crimes under international law. They are also shocking because they stem from deep fractures in society and structural problems that have been apparent and unaddressed for decades. They are shocking for the level of denial, normalcy and impunity that is attached to them. The mission concludes that these abusive patterns are reflective of the situation in Myanmar as a whole. 101. Myanmar has a heavy responsibility to remedy the situation as a matter of the utmost urgency; otherwise, it risks destroying its democratic reform process. The international community also bears responsibility and must take a united stand both to condemn the violations and to assist Myanmar in addressing the root causes of its recurrent problems. This begins by ensuring that the perpetrators of crimes are held to account, and by giving hope to victims of a future without the fear and insecurity that have to date characterized their existence. 102. The steps required to address the human rights crises in Myanmar are well known. For nearly three decades, five consecutive special rapporteurs on the situation of human rights in Myanmar have presented an annual report to the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council, with detailed recommendations for all stakeholders. Similarly, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has formulated concrete recommendations, as have many international and national civil society organizations. The Advisory Commission on Rakhine State also presented a detailed report. These recommendations should be implemented immediately. 103. Besides its comprehensive recommendations, 13 the mission draws particular attention to the priority areas for action by the international community below. 104. The international community, through the United Nations, should use all diplomatic, humanitarian and other peaceful means to assist Myanmar in meeting its responsibility to protect its people from genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. It should take collective action in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, as necessary. 105. The Security Council should ensure accountability for crimes under international law committed in Myanmar, preferably by referring the situation to the International Criminal Court or, alternatively, by creating an ad hoc international criminal tribunal. Furthermore, the Security Council should adopt targeted individual sanctions, including travel bans and asset freezes, against those who appear most responsible for serious crimes under international law. It should also impose an arms embargo on Myanmar. 106. Until the Security Council acts, the General Assembly, or alternatively the Human Rights Council, should create an independent, impartial mechanism to collect, consolidate, preserve and analyse evidence of violations of international humanitarian law and human rights violations and abuses and to prepare files to facilitate and 12 13 See A/HRC/39/CRP.2. Ibid. 19