A/HRC/27/42 Despite these efforts, the High Commissioner remains concerned about the human rights situation prevailing in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, particularly in the eastern provinces. While the defeat of Mouvement du 23 mars (M23), in November 2013, has had a positive impact on the security and human rights situation, the operations of several armed groups to control resource-rich territories still represent a serious threat for civilians, with gross human rights violations being perpetrated, including mass rape. Numerous armed groups as well as members of the Congolese defence and security forces regularly commit serious human rights violations, particularly in eastern provinces affected by conflict. Armed groups remain a predominant threat in the provinces of North Kivu, South Kivu, Orientale and Katanga, as well as in some areas of Maniema. The fight against impunity also remains of major concern. The justice system faces various challenges in investigating and prosecuting perpetrators of human rights violations. Military tribunals, where they exist, are often understaffed and underresourced. The lack of independence of the military justice system from military hierarchy is particularly problematic. The challenges and threats faced by human rights activists, journalists and political opponents further remain of serious concern, particularly in the lead-up to the 2015 provincial and local elections and the 2016 presidential and legislative elections. The report reiterates previous recommendations of the High Commissioner, notably with regard to addressing impunity for past and present violations. 2