A/HRC/28/62 local elites do not undermine democratic accountability; and if corruption is addressed. 72. A human rights approach to local governance and subsidiarity does not require that all authority rest with local governments. Rather, it requires a recognition that local governments are at a critical point of intersection between rights holders and complex systems of multi-level governance. That makes them central actors in the realization of the right to adequate housing within diverse domestic systems. Local governments are in a position to bring forward the experiences of marginalized groups and others whose rights have not been ensured and to find solutions. They serve as the main contact point with community-based initiatives for housing production and upgrades, linking them with broader regional, national or international financing, development and human rights initiatives. 73. The responsibilities of different levels of government are not self-standing. They rarely fall into watertight categories and usually involve collaboration among different levels of government, in addition to other public or private actors. Responsibilities are governed by agreements or joint initiatives among different levels of governments as well as by relationships with community-based organizations and civil society. Where national or regional governments provide funding for housing and related programmes, the realization of the right to adequate housing does not rely solely on one or the other level of government, but on their relationship. 74. Innovative initiatives offer new opportunities to connect international human rights norms with local housing struggles and vice versa, and are resulting in the development of new and constructive relationships between local levels of governments, community groups and rights holders. 75. It remains imperative to promote and continue to develop international norms that are appropriate to subnational levels of government. The reasonableness standard and the innovative approaches to structural remedies that have emerged from domestic courts offer other jurisdictions a useful framework for engaging the obligations of local and other subnational governments to progressively realize the right to adequate housing without discrimination. 76. In line with the above-mentioned conclusions, the Special Rapporteur wishes to offer the following recommendations: (a) States should encourage local and subnational level governments to actively participate in all relevant international human rights mechanisms, including treaty body review and complaint procedures, the universal periodic review and special procedures. (b) When addressing issues related to the right to adequate housing, international human rights mechanisms should give further attention to how different levels of government are bound by international human rights law and reference concerns and recommendations accordingly. (c) Recommendations emanating from international human rights mechanisms should be communicated to local and subnational governments with requests for responses and follow-up action and disseminated to local communities in accessible form. (d) The responsibilities of all levels of governments should be clearly delineated and jointly coordinated with ongoing independent review and oversight in order to ensure that jurisdictional overlap does not deny those in need access to necessary services or housing. Assistance should be provided to those in need in order to ensure coordinated government responses. 20