Sexual and gender-based violence in Myanmar and the gendered impact of its ethnic conflicts in English Contents Page I. Executive summary .......................................................................................................................... 3 II: Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 4 III. Mandate, methodology and legal framework ................................................................................... 5 A. Mandate ................................................................................................................................... 5 B. Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 5 C. Legal Framework ..................................................................................................................... 6 IV. Gender inequality and gender-based violence nexus in Myanmar ................................................... 13 V. Sexual and gender-based violence as a hallmark of the Tatmadaw ................................................. 18 A. Sexual and gender-based violence against the Rohingya ........................................................ 19 B. Sexual and gender-based violence against ethnic Rakhine ...................................................... 25 C. Sexual and gender-based violence in Kachin and Shan States ................................................ 27 Sexual and gender-based violence against men and boys ................................................................ 36 A. Context..................................................................................................................................... 36 B. Sexual and gender-based violence against Rohingya men and boys ....................................... 37 C. Sexual and gender-based violence against ethnic men in Kachin and Shan States .................. 41 VII. Sexual and gender-based violence against Rohingya transgender persons ...................................... 43 VIII. Witnessing of sexual violence against Rohingya ............................................................................. 44 IX. Sexual and gender-based violence by non-state armed groups ........................................................ 46 X. Consequences of sexual and gender-based violence and gendered impact of the ethnic conflicts ... 49 A. The Rohingya community ....................................................................................................... 49 B. Ethnic communities in northern Myanmar .............................................................................. 51 Impunity and accountability ............................................................................................................. 52 A. Context..................................................................................................................................... 52 B. Flawed process when complaints are taken up ........................................................................ 57 Conclusions and recommendations .................................................................................................. 58 VI. XI. XII. 2