A/HRC/44/26 discrimination and to adopt and pursue policies and programmes to eliminate them, including, where appropriate, temporary special measures, and to provide adequate measures of prevention and redress.40 The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination has also elaborated on the gender-related dimensions of racial discrimination and focused on the intersectionality of race and gender in its work, noting that racial discrimination will often escape detection if there is no explicit recognition or acknowledgement of the different life experiences of women and men, in areas of both public and private life.41 The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) has provided guidance on collecting data on intersectional discrimination to monitor equality in, among other things, sports.42 21. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women also requires States to modify sociocultural patterns and practices based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women.43 “Gender stereotyping” refers to the practice of ascribing to an individual specific attributes, characteristics or roles by sole reason of membership in the social group of women or men.44 Applying the concept of intersectionality to gender stereotyping implies analysing the ways that beliefs about race and gender together exacerbate harm in all aspects of public and private life, and erect barriers to rights protection. 45 It is therefore imperative to address social norms that restrict the participation of women and girls in sport based on both race and gender stereotypes to ensure their equal participation. 22. In the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, 46 the intersectionality of discrimination, including in sports, and the role of sports in addressing such discrimination is emphasized. States are called upon to combat the negative influence of racist ideologies, especially on young people, through formal and informal education, the media and sports. In particular, States are urged, in cooperation with intergovernmental organizations, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and international and regional sports federations, to intensify the fight against racism in sport by, among other things, educating the youth of the world through sport practised without discrimination of any kind. 23. Other relevant analyses of rights focus on norms protecting specific populations of athletes, such as persons under 18,47 athletes with disabilities48 and athletes with variations in sex characteristics.49 IV. Impact of female eligibility regulations on the enjoyment of human rights 24. Women began participating in elite sport in the early twentieth century, but their inclusion was hindered by cultural ideologies about women’s bodies, including concerns 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 6 General recommendation No. 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States parties under article 2 of the Convention, para. 18. General recommendation No. 25 (2000) on gender-related dimensions of racial discrimination, para. 1. Turning Promises into Action: Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2018). Art. 5 (a). OHCHR-commissioned report, “Gender stereotyping as a human rights violation”, October 2013, available from www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Women/WRGS/Pages/Documentation.aspx. See also the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, art. 5. See A/HRC/35/10. A/CONF.189/12 and Corr.1, chap. I. Getting into the Game: Understanding the Evidence for Child-focused Sport for Development, provisional full report (March 2019). See the annual reports of the International Paralympic Committee. Available from www.paralympic.org/ipc-publications. See communication of 18 September 2018 submitted by special procedures of the Human Rights Council to the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) on regulations regarding eligibility for the female classification (athletes with differences of sex development) (OL OTH 62/2018). See also OHCHR, background note on human rights violations against intersex people and A/HRC/29/23.