A/HRC/8/44 Page 7 issues mentioned in reports of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the Committee against Torture and several NGOs. It also noted that the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism has requested the Japanese Government to eliminate racial discrimination and xenophobia. China hoped that the Japanese Government will seriously address those concerns and adopt effective measures to implement the recommendations of those mechanisms. 19. Canada recommended that Japan finalize the legislation needed to establish a national human rights institution in accordance with the Paris Principles. Referring to reports indicating, inter alia, a high prevalence of gender-based violence and child abuse, Canada recommended that Japan continue to take measures to reduce the incidence of violence against women and children, inter alia, by ensuring that law enforcement officials receive human rights training, and funding recovery and counselling centres for victims of violence. Canada referred to studies showing that an increase in international marriages has resulted in an increase in complex divorce and custody cases and noted that there is no formal mechanism to deal with international child custody cases. It recommended that Japan develop a mechanism to ensure the prompt return of children who have been wrongfully removed from or prevented from returning to their habitual place of residence, and also examine the possibility of acceding to the 1980 Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Canada also recommended that Japan take measures to eliminate discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. It referred to reports which indicate the prevalent use of prolonged detention of arrested persons, including detention after they appear before a court and up to the point of indictment and recommended that Japan institute mechanisms to enhance procedural guarantees for the detention of detainees. While recognizing measures already taken by Japan, Canada recommended that it continue its efforts to combat trafficking in persons with a special emphasis on women and children. It also recommended that Japan issue a standing invitation to special procedures. 20. Tunisia noted with interest, inter alia, the creation of research and training institutes for judges, police officers and civil servants and the organization of workshops for civil servants. It also highlighted Japan’s attention to cooperation with developing countries, including its exemplary promotion of economic, social and cultural rights in those countries. Tunisia asked for further information on Japan’s technical cooperation with developing countries to assist them to strengthen their judiciary systems and train officials. 21. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland recommended that Japan urgently review the use of the death penalty with a view to a moratorium and abolition. While welcoming some progress made recently in improving conditions for prisoners and the independent monitoring provided by the Criminal Institutions Monitoring Committee and hoping that the recently established Detention Facilities Visiting Committee will prove equally successful, the United Kingdom recommended that Japan implement the relevant recommendations of the Committee against Torture with regard to external monitoring of police custody and that it ratify the Optional Protocol to CAT as soon as possible. It also recommended that Japan review the “daiyo kangoku” system in order to ensure that the detention procedure is consistent with its obligations under human rights law. It also wished to know whether the Government is intending to take further measures in response to the concerns raised on these issues in other reports provided for this review. It further recommended that civil society be fully involved in the follow-up process to the UPR at the national level. 22. While noting the information provided by Japan, Luxembourg indicated that four men had been hanged in Japan just one month ago and noted that 20 hangings have been carried out since the end of the de facto moratorium on 25 December 2006. Luxembourg indicated its concern about the