A/HRC/43/39 (e) The good schools toolkit, implemented in Uganda, which has demonstrated significant positive results in addressing the dynamics of violence at multiple levels, across multiple stakeholder groups and with the potential to succeed at scale; (f) Effective changes in institutions that can alleviate violence either by structural and code of conduct interventions or policy changes that avert such placements or expedite onward movement to family-type environments; (g) Strategies to build resilient communities that are successfully reducing violence in cities and urban communities with high levels of homicide and gang violence, particularly in Latin America, Central America and the Caribbean; (h) Community-based initiatives to engage at-risk youth in skill-building, vocational training, music, and art.75 99. WHO has noted that there is increasing evidence of the effectiveness and costeffectiveness of interventions to promote mental health and prevent mental disorders, particularly in children and adolescents.76 WHO itself has a number of initiatives aimed at increasing the information and evidence based on mental health, with a view to strengthening mental health-care systems.77 100. The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development identified a range of interventions it considered necessary to prevent mental and substance use disorders and provide treatment and care to enhance recovery.78 It stressed innovative interventions with the potential for scaling up, which could be delivered either through routine health care or other platforms. 101. Preventive interventions focusing on maternal mental health, mother–infant interaction and play and stimulation, have positive long-term benefits for both infants and mothers. Interventions that promote early initiation of breastfeeding, close physical contact with the mother and enhance maternal responsiveness contribute to secure attachment. Such programmes focusing on the early interaction between newborn babies and their caregivers, and in particular on improving sensitive responsiveness, can also reduce the risk of child maltreatment. Additionally, parent education and multi-component interventions (which typically combine family support, preschool education, parenting skills and child care) also show promising effectiveness in preventing child maltreatment and reducing mental health problems in children exposed to adversity and children affected by armed conflict.79 102. A meta-analysis of 193 studies reported that maternal depression was significantly associated with increased internalizing and externalizing of mental disorders among children. Strong evidence exists for the effectiveness of interventions for maternal mental disorders in reducing internalizing and externalizing problems, and preventing the onset of childhood mental disorders. Home-visiting programmes for new mothers and their babies integrate the detection and treatment of maternal depression, including the delivery of psychosocial interventions, within routine pre- and postnatal care services.80 103. Parenting and child welfare interventions are key investments for breaking toxic cycles of transgenerational transmission of violence, poverty and mental illness. For example, a psychosocial stimulation and parenting support intervention among growthstunted toddlers led to substantial gains in adult functioning and labour market outcomes later in life. Within schools, life skills training focusing on the development of social, emotional, problem-solving and coping skills is considered best practice for building emotional and social competencies in children of all ages.81 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 18 See Know Violence in Childhood, Ending Violence in Childhood. Global Report 2017. See WHO, “Mental health action plan”. See www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/en/. See Vikram Patel and others, “The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development”. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid.