A/HRC/40/CRP.1 1. Transitional Constitution (2011), Bill of Rights .............................................................................................. 49 2. Penal Code Act (2008) .................................................................................................................................... 49 3. Code of Criminal Procedure Act (2008) ......................................................................................................... 49 4. Child Act (2008) ............................................................................................................................................. 50 5. Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) Act (2009) ..................................................................................... 50 6. Local Government Act (2009) ........................................................................................................................ 50 VI. Thematic Human Rights Issues ........................................................................................................................... 51 A. Securitization of the State: Arbitrary Detention, Forced Disappearance, Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment .................................................................................................................................................... 51 1. State Security Organizations ........................................................................................................................... 52 2. Profiles of Detainees and Reasons for Detention ............................................................................................ 56 3. Lack of Due Process ........................................................................................................................................ 57 4. Detention Facilities and their Conditions ........................................................................................................ 59 5. Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment in Detention ................................................................ 65 6. Deaths in Custody ........................................................................................................................................... 67 7. Enforced Disappearance .................................................................................................................................. 68 8. Post-Release Surveillance ............................................................................................................................... 69 9. Lasting Effects of Arbitrary Detention, Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment ...................... 69 10. Violations ........................................................................................................................................................ 70 11. Responsibility .................................................................................................................................................. 73 B. Women and Girls in South Sudan........................................................................................................................ 78 1. Changes in Gender Roles and Norms .............................................................................................................. 79 2. The Status of Women in the Public Sphere ..................................................................................................... 80 3. Customary law and the Advancement of Women’s Rights ............................................................................. 81 4. Marriage and Divorce...................................................................................................................................... 82 5. Early Child and Forced Marriages .................................................................................................................. 84 6. Bride Price....................................................................................................................................................... 85 7. Women and Access to land ............................................................................................................................. 86 8. Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in South Sudan ....................................................................................... 86 9. Conflict-related Sexual Violence and Gender-Based crimes .......................................................................... 88 10. Sexual Violence Against Men and Boys ......................................................................................................... 95 11. Consequences and Lasting Impact of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence .................................................... 95 12. Access to Justice for Sexual and Gender-Based Violence .............................................................................. 95 13. UN Peacekeepers and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse ................................................................................... 96 C. The Situation of Children and Youth ................................................................................................................... 98 1. Recruitment and Use of Children in Armed Conflict ...................................................................................... 99 2. Violations of the Rights to Life and Protection from Violence, Injury or Abuse, including Rape and Sexual Violence .................................................................................................................................................................. 102 3. Displacement and Unaccompanied and Separated Children ......................................................................... 103 4. The Right to Education ................................................................................................................................. 105 5. The Right to Health ....................................................................................................................................... 112 D. Redrawing of Administrative Boundaries ......................................................................................................... 113 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 113 2. Background to the Current Debate ................................................................................................................ 114 3