A/HRC/32/35 targeted violence and displacement on the basis of their belonging to certain ethnic or religious groups. In some cases, internal displacement may have been arbitrary, amounting to ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity or atrocity crimes, and has included the cultural destruction of monuments and places of worship with the objective of permanently removing communities from those regions. Equally, in numerous other regions, discrimination against certain groups in society may reach such levels that it results in hatebased crimes and internal displacement that does not take place in a context of armed conflict. 79. Vulnerability to displacement may be heightened by discriminatory State policies or practices. Non-documentation, the denial or deprivation of citizenship for some ethnic or religious groups, for example, renders them stateless. Their rights as citizens are not fully recognized and they may be targeted, or not adequately protected, by national authorities. As highlighted in the Norwegian Refugee Council scoping paper on statelessness and displacement,24 stateless persons are uniquely vulnerable including to internal displacement. Statelessness must be more clearly understood in the context of State policies of denial of legal status that impacts on particular marginalized communities. 80. The Special Rapporteur has been struck by the vulnerability of indigenous peoples to internal displacement, including during his official visit to the Philippines, following which he highlighted the impact of displacement or threatened displacement on them. Indigenous peoples are severely affected by displacement given their ties to ancestral lands and may have more challenges in adopting coping mechanism for survival when displaced. The protection of the rights of indigenous peoples displaced or threatened by displacement must be strengthened in law and practice. Legal provisions on land rights and the rights of indigenous peoples should be fully implemented and specific provisions on the rights of indigenous peoples should be included in laws on internally displaced persons where appropriate. 81. In conflict- and disaster-related scenarios of displacement, discrimination and marginalization may continue to be a factor that adversely affects access by internally displaced persons to safety, protection and humanitarian assistance and durable solutions in some cases. The Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons emphasized the centrality of non-discrimination to the concept and achievement of durable solutions. States, national human rights commissions and all humanitarian actors and development actors, and civil society, must ensure that all those in need are treated equitably and in a non-discriminatory manner, including with regard to access to protection and assistance, livelihood opportunities and the realization of durable solutions. C. Restoring human agency to internally displaced persons through consultation, participation, profiling and information 82. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that his engagement with internally displaced persons in numerous country situations reveals a general lack of meaningful consultation with them; they lack a voice and, when they speak or claim their rights, they are not heard. Such persons frequently stated that they are poorly consulted, rarely visited by officials or provided with adequate information about the options available to them or plans being formulated for their shelter, locations or time frames for their return or resettlement. Internally displaced persons frequently stated that they lacked opportunities to participate in decisions affecting them. Consultation and participation is a right of those persons and is 24 See Norwegian Refugee Council-Tilburg University, Statelessness and Displacement, Scoping Paper (May 2015). Available from www.nrc.no/arch/_img/9197390.pdf. 19