A/HRC/42/44 in the translation of international definitions and obligations into domestic law. 53 Similarly, while rates of prosecution and conviction are increasing, the absolute numbers of convictions remain very low and the risk of perpetrators facing justice is minimal. 54 Researchers and practitioners have identified a number of obstacles to effective criminal and civil justice responses, 55 including the complexity of investigations given the transnational and clandestine nature of the organization of the crime of forced labour, servitude or slavery, low awareness among criminal justice actors and obstruction by corrupt officials.56 26. Alongside criminal justice efforts, States are adopting civil and administrative provisions requiring large companies to report on slavery risks in their supply chains and, in some cases, financial portfolios. During the 2017 G20 Labour Summit, ministers of labour and employment committed to “work towards establishing adequate policy frameworks in [their] countries to support the attainment of decent work and strengthen compliance with fundamental principles and rights at work in global supply chains”.57 Yet the effectiveness of these regimes is not yet clear, as reporting remains in many cases in its early stages and there is no clear evidence of reporting having a measurable influence on market demand. 58 27. Some States have also adopted provisions excluding suppliers with slavery risks in their supply chains from winning public contracts. 59 Public procurement is a focus of activity in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), which has published guidelines. And Governments are using anti-money laundering regimes to encourage the financial sector to prevent the proceeds of slavery entering the financial system. The Bali Process on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime has issued guidance material on using money-laundering tools to address these crimes;60 and the Liechtenstein Initiative for a Financial Sector Commission on Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking, convened by the foreign ministers of Liechtenstein, Australia and the Netherlands, together with Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus, has also explored opportunities for strengthening these arrangements. 61 28. Governments are also allocating more resources to global anti-slavery efforts. Between 2000 and 2013, 30 OECD countries committed more than $4 billion in official development assistance (ODA) to eradicate the forms of exploitation now covered by Goal 8.7, with the average annual commitments growing from $150 million in 2001 to $450 million in 2010.62 The new Global Fund to End Modern Slavery now manages over $75 million, the Freedom Fund $100 million, and States have provided $724,825 to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery, 63 which provides assistance to thousands of people who have experienced some form of slavery. 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Katarina Schwarz and Jean Allain, Antislavery in Domestic Legislation Database (2019), forthcoming; and ILO, Ending Forced Labour by 2030, pp. 109–111. See also Walk Free, Measurement, Action, Freedom. Sasha Jesperson and Rosana Garciandia, “Law enforcement”, Delta 8.7 Thematic Overview, 2018. Chloé Bailey, Pathways to Justice: How Grassroots Organisations are Harnessing the Law to Tackle Modern Slavery (Freedom Fund, 2019). See www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/findings/global-findings/. “Towards an inclusive future: shaping the world of work”, Ministerial Declaration adopted at the G20 Labour and Employment Ministers Meeting, 17 May 2017. Rights Lab submission, p. 6; Freedom Fund, submission, Q5; Tech Against Trafficking submission, p. 4; and Fairtrade Norway submission, p. 3. See also Patricia Carrier, “The Modern Slavery Act turns four today. Is it working? And how can it be improved?”, Business and Human Rights Resource Centre, 26 March 2019; and International Corporate Accountability Roundtable and Focus on Labour Exploitation, Full Disclosure: Towards Better Modern Slavery Reporting (2019). Walk Free and Ethical Trading Initiative submissions. Bali Process, Policy Guide on Following the Money in Trafficking in Persons Cases (2018). See www.financialsectorcommission.org. Kelly Gleason and James Cockayne, Official Development Assistance and SDG Target 8.7: Measuring Aid to Address Forced Labour, Modern Slavery, Human Trafficking and Child Labour (New York, Delta 8.7 and United Nations University, 2018). As of 31 December 2018. 9