A/HRC/10/61 page 18 traditional knowledge.77 As a study cited by the IPCC in its Fourth Assessment Report observes, “Incorporating indigenous knowledge into climate change policies can lead to the development of effective adaptation strategies that are cost-effective, participatory and sustainable”.78 53. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples sets out several rights and principles of relevance to threats posed by climate change.79 Core international human rights treaties also provide for protection of indigenous peoples, in particular with regard to the right to self-determination and rights related to culture.80 The rights of indigenous peoples are also enshrined in ILO Convention No. 169 (1989) concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries. 54. Indigenous peoples have brought several cases before national courts and regional and international human rights bodies claiming violations of human rights related to environmental issues. In 2005, a group of Inuit in the Canadian and Alaskan Arctic presented a case before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights seeking compensation for alleged violations of their human rights resulting from climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions from the United States of America.81 While the Inter-American Commission deemed the case inadmissible, it drew international attention to the threats posed by climate change to indigenous peoples. D. Displacement 55. The First Assessment Report of the IPCC (1990) noted that the greatest single impact of climate change might be on human migration. The report estimated that by 2050, 150 million people could be displaced by climate change-related phenomena, such as desertification, 77 E/C.19/2008/13, para. 4. The Permanent Forum also recommended that a mechanism be put in place for the participation of indigenous peoples in climate change negotiations under UNFCCC (ibid., para. 30). 78 IPCC AR4 WGII Report, p. 865 (citing Robinson and Herbert, 2001). 79 Key provisions include the right to effective mechanisms for prevention of, and redress for, actions which have the aim or effect of dispossessing them of their lands, territories or resources (art. 8); the principle of free, prior and informed consent (art. 19), the right to the conservation and protection of the environment and indigenous lands and territories (art. 29), the right to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage and traditional knowledge and cultural expressions (art. 31). 80 See the provisions on cultural rights in ICCPR, art. 27, and ICESCR, art. 15. 81 Available at: http://inuitcircumpolar.com/files/uploads/icc-files/FINALPetitionICC.pdf.