A/HRC/42/21 example, South Sudan.58 In northern Kenya, cattle-raiding routinely interrupts classes and limits the number of available teachers, leading to an unfavourable teacher-to-pupil ratio of approximately 1:105. Moreover, many schools in cattle-raiding areas suffer high dropout rates and low rates of transition from one school grade to the next. 59 32. More generally, the immense cost of civilian firearm violence diverts funds that could be used to enhance the protection of economic, social and cultural rights for all individuals in the State concerned. In Mexico, for example, the economic impact of firearm violence equalled approximately $41 billion in 2017. 60 In Honduras, the cost of firearm injuries treated by one hospital in one city reached approximately $16.6 million for the period 2011–2014.61 III. Impact on rights of individuals from particular groups 33. While civilian acquisition, possession and use of firearms affect the human rights of all individuals, they have alarming patterns of impact on the human rights of women, children and adolescents, and ethnic minorities. 34. Under article 2 (1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 2 (2) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, States parties are required to respect and ensure human rights without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. 35. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has expressed concern that the proliferation of firearms affects women and girls as victims of conflictrelated gender-based violence, as victims of domestic violence, and also as protesters or actors in resistance movements.62 In 2016, for example, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women noted a correlation between the proliferation and use of firearms and femicide in Honduras. 63 36. In the context of domestic violence, civilian access to firearms has a disproportionate impact on the rights to life and to security of person of women. Research has shown that women with a current or former intimate partner who has access to a firearm are disproportionately more vulnerable to being abused or killed. For instance, a survey of women who sought help from a women’s shelter in Montenegro revealed that 90 per cent of the victims had been threatened with firearms by their partners. 64 Similarly, research conducted at a women’s shelter in Bosnia and Herzegovina concluded that 74 per cent of women who had sought help had experienced domestic violence with a firearm. 65 Additionally, a government study found that more than half of all women murdered in the United States between 2013 and 2014 had been killed by current or former intimate partners, and that most intimate partner homicides were committed with guns. 66 Women 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 8 Philip T. Manyok, “Cattle rustling and its effects among three communities (Dinka, Murle and Nuer) in Jonglei State, South Sudan”, Nova Southeastern University, 1 January 2017, p. 92. See the contribution of the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. See the contribution of National Human Rights Commission of Mexico. Mario Flores, “Costo médico-hospitalario derivado de la atención de pacientes víctimas de violencia por armas de fuego en Honduras”, Small Arms Survey, 1 February 2016, p. 3. See the Committee’s general recommendation No. 30 (2013) on women in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations. CEDAW/C/HND/CO/7-8, para. 22. For a discussion of comments made by Charter-based human rights bodies regarding the impact of civilian access to firearms on the human rights of women prior to 2016, see A/HRC/32/21, paras. 21–23. South Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Firearms Possession and Domestic Violence in the Western Balkans: A Comparative Study of Legislation and Implementation Mechanisms (Belgrade, 2007), p. 5. Ibid. See the contribution of Amnesty International.