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a tiny fraction of the total use of water, usually less than 5 per cent.29 Other domestic water uses,
such as water for swimming pools or gardening are therefore not addressed in the study. Access
to water for other purposes, notably for agriculture or industry, also falls outside the remit of the
study.
14. Similarly, the study does not examine human rights obligations related to access to water
for livelihood or as a natural resource, notably in relation to indigenous territories or small-scale
farming, nor does it consider issues related to water management and the protection of
ecosystems. UNDP’s 2006 Human Development Report made a comparable distinction between
water for life in the household on the one hand and water to sustain ecological systems and for
livelihoods on the other. Declarations and plans of action recognizing access to safe drinking
water as a human right also highlight the right of individuals to access water in quantities equal
to their basic needs.30 Other documents, while not recognizing access to safe drinking water as a
human right, present it as a basic need or requirement, highlighting the fact that the access of
individuals to a sufficient quantity of water should be enhanced.
15. The direct corollary of this approach is that the term “safe drinking water” does not refer to
an unlimited amount of water. While it is up to each country to determine the minimum
reasonable amount of water needed to cover personal and domestic uses, the figures provided in
World Health Organization (WHO) publications can provide useful guidance. Accordingly,
between 50 and 100 litres of water per person per day are needed to ensure that all health
concerns are met.31 The threshold of 25 litres per person per day represents the lowest level to
maintain life, but this amount raises health concerns because it is insufficient to meet basic
hygiene and consumption requirements.32 In cases of emergencies - such as natural disasters,
conflict or post-conflict situations - the Sphere Handbook suggests a basic provision of 7.5 to
15 litres minimum per person and per day, as there may not be sufficient water available to cover
all personal and domestic uses.33 These different amounts are indicative, as they might change
depending on a particular context, and might differ for some groups due to health status, work,
climate conditions, cultural requirements or other factors.
29
Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis, UNDP Human Development
Report 2006, p. 2.
30
Mar del Plata Action Plan, 1977, preamble; Agenda 21, 1992, chap. 18, para. 47.
31
G. Howard and J. Bartram, Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health, World
Health Organization 2003, p. 22.
32
Guy Hutton and Lawrence Haller, Evaluation of the costs and benefits of water and sanitation
improvements at the global level, World Health Organization 2004.
33
See http://www.sphereproject.org.
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