A/HRC/32/42 E. Fundamentalism, extremism and violence against women 67. On 15 January 2016, the Secretary-General presented his Plan of Action to Prevent Violent Extremism to the General Assembly.15 Discussions have since been held on exploring the intersection of conflict, violence and gender, and the need for governmental, regional and multilateral organizations to include a gender perspective in all levels of policy- and decision-making, particularly in efforts to address the threat of terrorism and violent extremism. Against this backdrop, the Special Rapporteur proposes to examine the connections between fundamentalism or extremism and gender-based violence against women and its root causes. F. Capacity-building for legal professionals and law enforcement officials on violence against women 68. The Special Rapporteur notes the importance of capacity-building for legal professionals and law enforcement officials, including members of the police, the prosecution and the judiciary, and social workers, on regional and international human rights instruments and institutions, in particular with regard to women’s human rights and violence against women. Capacity-building should include the jurisprudence on violence against women developed at the global and regional levels, and good practices to ensure that, at the national level, laws are applied in accordance with international norms and standards. 69. The Special Rapporteur encourages the inclusion of equality between women and men and violence against women as subjects of study in university curricula on law and related fields, and in training of legal professionals, such as judges and law enforcement officials. Training should include the international women’s human rights framework and practical studies of the rich jurisprudence and case law on violence against women and the obligation of States to take appropriate measures to modify or abolish customs and practices that constitute discrimination against women and that affects women’s right to a fair and just trial (see CEDAW/C/57/D/34/2011, para. 8.8). G. Online violence against women: a new challenge 70. While the use of information and communications technology has contributed to the empowerment of women and girls, its use has also generated online violence. In the view of the Special Rapporteur, there is a need to examine this recent phenomenon, and the applicability of national laws to it, and to make recommendations for States and non-State actors to fight online violence against women and girls while respecting freedom of expression and the prohibition of incitement to violence and hatred, in accordance with article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. H. Focus on prevention and elimination of discriminatory laws and their negative impact in perpetuating or contributing to violence against women 71. The Special Rapporteur regards the prevention of violence against women as an aspect of the mandate that focuses on the elimination of the root causes of violence against women, and its consequences. To that end, she has identified the main components that 15 18 See General Assembly resolution 70/254.