A/HRC/42/42 The Working Group is concerned at the lack of a clear, precise and legally defined role for each security actor operating in the extractive industry. This further raises concerns about the conduct of security providers, including private military and security companies, and their involvement in alleged human rights violations and abuses committed in the context of natural resource exploitation. The Working Group calls for transparency in security arrangements for extractive operations, given that the current opacity around them obstructs the identification of perpetrators and thus undermines efforts to achieve accountability and effective remedies for victims. The Working Group concludes the report with recommendations to assist States, the extractive industry, private military and security companies and other stakeholders to strengthen human rights protections in the delivery of security in the extractive sector. In particular, it urges States to strengthen regulation and oversight of private military and security companies, including by supporting international and national legally binding instruments. It also calls upon States, extractive companies and private military and security companies to be more transparent with regard to security arrangements and responses to allegations of abuses. 2