A/HRC/22/61 cent of non-poor workers.92 Young people are increasingly moving to cities for greater job opportunities, not only separating themselves from their families and social support networks,93 but also making them susceptible to discrimination by native urban populations, who tend to view these “immigrants” as obvious deviants. This, in turn, becomes a main source of juvenile criminal behaviour.94 44. Urbanization and rising urban poverty contribute to juvenile involvement in criminal behaviour because the basic features of the urban environment foster the development of such forms of behaviour.95 High (and rising) youth unemployment, the unavailability of housing and support services, overcrowding, the disintegration of the family (often a result or side effect of poverty), ineffective educational systems and general socioeconomic instability can all contribute to juvenile delinquency in the forms of increased crime, violence and drug and alcohol abuse among youth. Research indicates a universal increase in juvenile crime, especially among the urban poor. Street children can later become young offenders, having already experienced violence in their immediate social environment. Furthermore, cities in developed and middle-income countries are facing crises related to drug abuse, particularly among youth, threatening the gains against poverty that had previously spurred the countries‟ growth. In Rio de Janeiro, for example, a recent analysis of crime reports found that 57 per cent of drug users are under the age of 24. Increased drug abuse also leads to increased violent crime. 96 C. Other minority groups 45. The hazards of urban poverty are particularly challenging for a number of other groups, such as persons with disabilities. 97 Households with disabled members are more likely to experience poverty due to numerous factors, such as the extra financial burden of catering to the special needs of disabled family members and the relationship between low employment and education rates for those living with a disability.98 Employment is particularly difficult for persons with disabilities, and the stigma sometimes associated with disabilities results in their relegation to the margins of society. Thus, there appears to be significant links between disability and extreme poverty.99 46. The elderly living in urban poverty are similarly vulnerable and subject to social exclusion. In regions where the State is responsible for their welfare 100 or for those without 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 In the Middle East and North Africa region, the recent Arab Spring uprisings is one of the contributing factors to the disturbingly high levels of youth employment. The total unemployment rate in 2010 was 25.5 per cent in the Middle East and 23.8 per cent in North Africa, with female youth unemployment at 39.4 per cent in the Middle East and 34.1 percent in North Africa. See World Youth Report 2011. Ibid. See World Youth Report 2003: The global situation of young people (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.IV.7). Ibid. Kristina Rosales and Taylor Barnes, “New Jack Rio”, Foreign Policy (September 2011). This may be due to the difficulty of collecting disaggregated data and interpreting the way disability affects poverty within households. See Jeanine Braithwaite and Daniel Mont, “Disability and Poverty: A Survey of World Bank Poverty Assessments and Implications”, SP Discussion Paper, No. 0805 (World Bank, 2008). Ibid. See ibid. Deepa Narayan and others, Can Anyone Hear us? Voices from 47 Countries (New York, World Bank, 1999), p. 200. 15