A/HRC/22/61 wide initiatives; and (c) provided ways for poor urban communities to share experiences and pool resources. 53. Under the Mexican Oportunidades conditional cash transfer programme, direct cash payments are provided to eligible poor and vulnerable households who send their children to schools and clinics. Eligible households also receive grants to improve food consumption and nutritional supplements for young children and pregnant and breastfeeding mothers. Evidence suggests that the programme has had positive effects on child growth in both rural and urban sectors, and that the nutritional effect of the programme is the result of the nutritional supplements. Currently, Oportunidades reaches over 5.8 million people or 20 per cent of the total population. Research indicates that consumption, mostly food intake, has increased by 22 per cent, and the proportion of malnourished children decreased by 17.2 per cent.111 54. In Cambodia, the national Government collaborated with the World Food Programme and local NGOs to implement its Food for Assets programme, which helps poor, food-insecure households to cope with potential disaster by providing off-season labour opportunities to develop or rehabilitate community assets in return for much-needed food. The programme provides labour opportunities to poor and food-insecure families who receive food as payment. It also builds or rehabilitates infrastructure, as well as improves access to schools and other basic services. Similar programmes are implemented by many other Governments in collaboration with the World Food Programme. B. Civil society and private sector 55. The Orangi Pilot Project of the Research and Training Institute 112 in Pakistan, which organizes community-initiated and community-implemented sewage construction in the poor urban settlements of Karachi, is a useful model of partnership between civil society and Government. The Institute is a community-based organization that organizes committees of poor urban residents to oversee, finance and construct basic, cost-effective underground sewage systems in otherwise underserved Orangi Town. It provides technical guidance and one eighteenth of overall financing, while the committees fund the rest. State agencies support the initiative by providing funding for larger infrastructural investments, such as treatment plants. The results show improved health indicators, particularly infant mortality rates, an effective, low-cost sewage system and a community that reports significant decreases in the perception of social marginalization and stigmatization. 56. The Luanda Urban Poverty Project113 in Angola takes an integrated approach to alleviating urban poverty through community participation and partnerships to improve urban governance. Started in 1999 as a coalition of three NGOs (Care International, Save the Children UK and Development Workshop), the project partners Government agencies and community-based organizations in various municipalities, and is funded by the Britishbased Department for International Development. The Project has won recognition for its approach facilitating the ability of poor urban communities to self-manage such basic services as water and sanitation, handle waste and engage with municipal planning and advocate for pro-poor policies at the national level. At the same time, the project helps local governments dialogue with and respond to poor urban communities by incorporating the 111 112 113 18 UNDP, “Mexico: Scaling Up Progresa/Oportunidades – Conditional Cash Transfer Programme” (2011). Arif Hasan, “The Sanitation Program of the Orangi Pilot Project: Research and Training Institute, Karachi, Pakistan” in Global Urban Poverty: Setting the Agenda, Garland and others. See UN-Habitat, Best Practices Database. Available from www.unhabitat.org/bp/bp.list.details.aspx.