A/HRC/40/62 officers were often corrupt and incompetent. It was easy to bribe some police officers to abandon cases.65 According to recent reports from Malawi, a law enforcement officer has been implicated in the abduction and killing of a 22-year-old man with albinism. 66 In submissions from Uganda and Malawi stakeholders also referred to the disappearance of case files involving attacks against people with albinism, which further entrenched a perception of corrupt collusion. A legislator in Malawi recently told the National Assembly that two case files on the abduction and killing of people with albinism had gone missing in the eastern region of the country while 15 cases “have been suspiciously closed”.67 83. In addition, concerns of negligence or laxity in the manner in which investigations into attacks against people with albinism are conducted were expressed. For instance, in a number of submissions stakeholders expressed frustration at the fact that investigations and apprehension of the perpetrators of such attacks are primarily focused upon the immediate perpetrator, as opposed to understanding the masterminds and markets driving the attacks. 68 84. Stakeholders also dwelt upon the lack of transparency in cases involving people with albinism. Information was not shared, thus fuelling suspicions. Inasmuch as certain information may be withheld by law enforcement officials in order not to jeopardize investigations, there were concerns around “unjustified secrecy”. In a submission from Zambia it was stated that two people had been apprehended for attacking a person with albinism in Kasama, Northern Province, but no further information was available. 85. Another critical challenge is ensuring accountability for “justice” dispensed by informal justice actors such as traditional leaders, especially in instances where such local authorities abuse their positions of power when settling community disputes involving persons with albinism in ways that are deemed unfair or corrupt. Overall, it is imperative that efforts be made to strengthen internal and external accountability within the justice system, as this builds public trust in the system and promotes legitimacy. Indicators 86. Submissions received reveal that there is limited evidence that persons with albinism can meaningfully access interventions that adequately meet their specific justice needs. There is therefore a need to strike the correct balance when developing and utilizing indicators, which should adequately monitor access to justice in the context of judicial or legal structures and processes, on the one hand, and within the context of rights holders and their welfare, on the other. Therefore, the set of carefully selected indicators must strive to understand and measure access to justice from the holistic perspective of the rights holder. 87. Generally, three kinds of indicators have been identified for monitoring the status of human rights and of the rights holders. These are structural indicators, which necessitate the existence of normative standards and rules consistent with the international human rights framework; process indicators, measuring the procedural measures that the State has put in place to ensure that policies and laws translate into actual substantive progress with regard to access to justice; and outcome indicators, which relate to the results achieved in terms of the status of enjoyment of the right, with a deliberate focus on meeting the needs of the rights holders as a measure of success. 69 88. It is equally important to have baseline data for each indicator. Governments therefore need to allocate sufficient resources for continuous data gathering in order to measure whether the indicator has improved, regressed or remained the same. There is a need to institutionalize a structured methodology for conducting assessments of justicesector interventions or reforms, with an inbuilt monitoring and evaluation framework. 65 66 67 68 69 16 Amnesty International, Towards Effective Justice Reform. Winston Kaimira, “Policeman, medic implicated in albino murder”, Zodiak Online, 3 April 2018. Daily Times (Malawi), “Albino case files are missing”, 11 May 2018. Submissions from stakeholders in Malawi, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia. Ghetnet Metiku Woldegiorgis, “Access to justice under the international human rights framework”, Abyssinalaw, 9 June 2018.