A/HRC/30/60 36. According to UNAMID, patterns and incidents of violations of human rights and international humanitarian law deteriorated following the deployment to Darfur of the Rapid Support Forces in 2014, which was part of Operation Decisive Summer During the campaign, UNAMID documented cases in which the Rapid Support Forces launched attacks, including on civilians suspected of being sympathetic to armed opposition movements in both Northern and Southern Darfur States. The attacks involved multiple human rights violations and serious violations of international humanitarian law, including the indiscriminate killing of civilians, the destruction of civilian property and objects, and considerable displacement of civilians. UNAMID also obtained accounts from victims and witnesses that pointed to a pattern in the burning of villages, the looting of civilian property, including livestock, and the destruction of sources of livelihood necessary for civilian survival. 37. Although large-scale fighting between the Government and armed groups have subsided,2 sporadic clashes, acts of banditry, intercommunal violence and restrictions to freedom of movement and political liberties persist throughout Darfur and continue to pose challenges to a participatory and comprehensive political dialogue. In particular, tribal clashes stemming from resource-related disputes, including land, are becoming a major source of insecurity as they increasingly involve well-armed individuals who have pledged their allegiance, sometimes on tribal lines, to either armed groups or the Government of the Sudan and its forces, namely, the Rapid Support Forces, the Border Guards and the Central Reserve Police. 38. The lack of substantive progress in achieving a durable peace coupled with the emergence and shifting loyalties of armed groups have continued to fuel the conflict, during which serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law are perpetrated by all parties to the conflict. (a) Situation of internally displaced persons 39. According to the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the conflict in Darfur has led to the internal displacement of some 2.5 million people, most of whom depend on support for basic services and on aid from humanitarian agencies. The Independent Expert visited the Abou Shouk, Otash and Dereige camps for displaced persons in Northern and Southern Darfur States. He is concerned not only at the ongoing displacement of residents and the attendant humanitarian crisis, but also for the future of displaced persons in general. 40. In Nyala, the representatives of internally displaced persons informed the Independent Expert that the newly displaced were not receiving any aid, in particular food or medical assistance, owing to the limited stocks of humanitarian aid. The Independent Expert therefore calls upon the Government of the Sudan and the international community to provide humanitarian assistance to displaced persons, who live in very precarious conditions, and thereby help to realize their economic, social and cultural rights. These people live in a state of insecurity owing to the presence of various armed elements and to crimes that are commonplace in the region. The Independent expert also calls upon the Government and UNAMID to fulfil their obligation to create a safe and secure environment for these displaced communities, and to ensure that, once created, these environments remain secure. 2 Operation Decisive Summer 1 in 2014 and Operation Decisive Summer 2 in 2015 were the most prominent clashes to be reported for their impact on the displacements of civilians. 9