A/HRC/RES/40/17 32. Also strongly condemns the damage and destruction of the cultural heritage of the Syrian Arab Republic, in particular that of Palmyra and Aleppo, and the organized looting and trafficking of Syrian cultural property, as outlined by the Security Council in its resolution 2199 (2015) of 12 February 2015, affirms that attacks intentionally directed against historic monuments may amount to war crimes, and underlines the need to bring the perpetrators of such crimes to justice; 33. Further strongly condemns the terrorist acts and violence committed against civilians by the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Daesh), Al-Nusrah Front (also known as Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham) and other terrorist organizations designated by the Security Council, and their continued gross, systematic and widespread abuses of international human rights law and violations of international humanitarian law, reaffirms that terrorism, including the actions of the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Daesh), cannot and should not be associated with any religion, nationality or civilization, and stresses the importance of the full implementation of Security Council resolution 2170 (2014) of 15 August 2014; 34. Expresses deep concern about the documented cases of civilians, including women and children, being taken hostage by the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Daesh), calls for their immediate release and notes that hostage-taking and the murder of civilians may constitute a war crime, and condemns the recently reported mass arbitrary arrests and detention of civilians by Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham and notes that imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of international law, when committed as part of a deliberate widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, may amount to a crime against humanity; 35. Condemns in the strongest possible terms the repeated use of chemical weapons by the Syrian authorities, in violation of its obligations under the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction and Security Council resolution 2118 (2013), and all use of chemical weapons in contravention of well-established international standards and norms against such use, and welcomes in this regard the decisions made on 27 June 2018 at the fourth Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention and on 20 November 2018 at the twenty-third session of the Conference of States Parties to the Convention and looks forward to the Technical Secretariat of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons completing the arrangements to identify the perpetrators of the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic by identifying and reporting on all information potentially relevant to the origin of those chemical weapons; 36. Recalls the relevant reports of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons-United Nations Joint Investigative Mechanism, in which it found that the Syrian authorities were responsible for the use of chemical weapons on four occasions, and that the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (Daesh) was responsible for two chemical weapons attacks between 2014 and 2017; 37. Expresses grave concern at the findings by the fact-finding mission of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons that sarin and chlorine were very likely used in separate attacks in Ltamenah on 24 and 25 March 2017, and that chlorine was likely used in an attack in Saraqib on 4 February 2018; 38. Also expresses grave concern that, according to the Commission of Inquiry,2 a vast body of evidence suggested that chlorine had been dropped by helicopter on a residential building and it had received information on the death of at least 49 individuals and the wounding of up to 650 others in Duma on 7 April 2018, and at the findings of the Commission in the same report that, in a series of ground attacks in Duma on 22 January and 1 February 2018, the Syrian authorities and/or affiliated militias had committed the war crime of using prohibited weapons following a pattern previously documented by the Commission concerning the use of chemical weapons; 2 6 A/HRC/39/65, para. 92.