A/HRC/38/31 intention for them to give birth to Chokwe children, as ethnicity is passed on through the male line. Luba-speaking children of all ages were also brought to the farms, where they were mistreated and malnourished. In some cases, the names of Luba-speaking children were changed to Chokwe names. At the time of writing this report, women and children were still being held on the farms. (e) Northern part of Kamonia territory 87. In villages located in the north of Tshikapa, persons belonging to the Pende ethnic group calling themselves Écurie Mbe attacked Luba-speakers and injured and killed civilians, abducted children who were later reportedly enslaved and looted and burned down homes. VIII. Consequences of the Kasaï crisis and the current situation 88. Since August 2017, the level of violence has decreased in all the provinces of Kasaï. However, crisis-related violence is still being reported, indicating that the causes of the conflict have not yet been addressed. FARDC has continued to use excessive force in operations against the Kamuina Nsapu militia. Persons wrongfully suspected of belonging to the militia continue to be detained, beaten or killed. Villages suspected of harbouring militia members have been looted or burned down. For example, on 30 November, in Kamonia territory, Kasaï Province, a FARDC force raided the village of Kabeya-Lumbu, which they associated with the Kamuina Nsapu militia. The soldiers opened fire on the population near the market after food had been distributed by a humanitarian organization, killing and wounding numerous people. In general, the strong military presence in Kasaï has led to the harassment of the population; numerous cases of extortion have been reported, particularly at FARDC-controlled roadblocks. 89. The Kamuina Nsapu militia has remained active, especially in Kasaï Central, and continues to recruit members, including children, and to carry out attacks, albeit on a lesser scale. For example, on the night of 30 April 2018, militia members attacked and killed the acting customary chief of Kamuina Nsapu village, who was close to provincial authorities, along with three members of his family. 90. In the southern part of the territory of Kamonia, strained relations between members of the Chokwe and Luba ethnic groups have also led to attacks on villages by the Bana Mura militias and clashes between the Bana Mura militiamen and persons belonging to the Luba ethnic group over access to mining sites. Luba women, sometimes with their children, continue to be enslaved by Bana Mura militiamen. Despite advocacy efforts by some international organizations, the response of defence and security forces to these crimes remains insufficient. What is more, the presence of the Bana Mura militias prevents Luba internally displaced persons from returning to their villages of origin. 91. The violence in Kasaï has caused an acute and unprecedented humanitarian crisis, with the displacement of an estimated 1.4 million people, including 35,000 refugees in Angola. According to figures from the World Food Programme and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, some 3.2 million people continue to be affected by severe food insecurity, and malnutrition rates are high, especially among children. 92. The team of international experts has been shocked by the humanitarian situation, in particular the precariousness of the groups displaced by the violence. Many of the people interviewed had spent weeks or even months living in extremely difficult conditions before reaching cities such as Tshikapa or Kikwit. They had fled the violence without any help or with minimal assistance or relief. Some displaced people, including children, have died of malnutrition or disease. The proliferation of barriers controlled by armed factions has impeded access to fields, which, in turn, has affected the local economy. Lastly, the collection of illegal taxes has raised the price of basic goods. 93. Children have been particularly affected by the violence in Kasaï; they have been both the main victims and the main perpetrators of the violence. According to figures from GE.18-10936 15