A/HRC/23/35 mechanisms such as human rights treaty bodies can also examine cases of the violations of the right to education, carry out inquiries and investigations, and recommend the adoption of appropriate measures to local, regional or national authorities. 31. Remedies available under domestic jurisdiction must normally be first exhausted before international mechanisms apply. 32. As a precondition, it must be noted that an independent judicial system is an “essential prerequisite” for justiciability. It is of paramount importance that the judiciary upholds “the rule of law” and ensuring that there is no discrimination in the administration of justice.” 32 A. Judicial mechanisms 33. Alleged violations of the enjoyment of the right to education are normally litigated in national courts. Once all levels of appeal have been exhausted, or at times when it can be shown that no action is possible in national courts, recourse can be made to regional or international courts. 34. The European Court of Human Rights, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights are examples of regional human rights courts, established for the enforcement of regional treaties, a s mentioned above. 35. Finally, in case of inter-State conflict, recourse can be made to the International Court of Justice by one State against another State for protecting the right to education of its citizens, as provided for under UNESCO’s Convention against Discrimination in Education. 33 In this respect, the advisory opinion rendered by the International Court of Justice in response to the U nited Nations General Assembly resolution on what legal consequences arose from Israel’s construction of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, considering the rules and principles of international law, is a historic example in showing how the right to education can be safeguarded by the world court. The International Court of Justice held that the construction of the wall in Occupied Palestinian Territory is a violation of international law and impedes the enjoyment of various human rights, including that to education. 34 32 33 34 10 Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Rule of Law at the National and International Levels, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 24 September 2012 (A/RES/67/1). Yves Daudet and Kishore Singh, “The Right to Education: an Analysis of UNESCO’s Standardsetting Instruments”, UNESCO, Paris 2001, p. 41. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice, available: http://www.icjcij.org/docket/index.php?pr=71&p1=3&p2=1&case=131&p3=6 .