A/HRC/22/29 Arab Spring, UNDP has developed a guide for peaceful transformational change processes embracing youth as a positive force.20 74. The promotion of democracy and the rule of law is also a programmatic objective of OHCHR, inherently linked to its mission to ensure respect for and protection of all human rights. Under the OHCHR Technical Cooperation Programme, the focus is placed on training activities to strengthen the legal and judicial framework for human rights protection, the provision of legal expertise in constitutional and legislative reforms, training for parliamentarians, the empowerment of vulnerable and disadvantaged segments of society, advocacy, awareness and human rights education. OHCHR has also been active in supporting democratization and transitional justice processes, including by engaging in the design and implementation of inclusive national consultations; supporting the establishment of truth-seeking processes, judicial accountability mechanisms and reparations programmes; and enhancing institutional reform. 75. The universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council is a unique mechanism that enables a review of the human rights record of all Member States and provides, through its regular scrutiny, potential incentives for change and reforms aimed at strengthening democracy. 76. The United Nations Democracy Fund was established in 2005 to support projects aimed at building and strengthening democratic institutions and ensuring the participation of all groups in democratic processes. The Fund focuses on several themes, including strengthening democratic dialogue, promoting human rights, civil society empowerment, civic education, accountability and transparency. 77. Several regional intergovernmental organizations have integrated democracy promotion into their work programme and/or governing charter. These include the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organization of American States, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the European Commission and the African Union. The integration of clauses on human rights and democracy in international aid and commerce agreements, such as the Cotonou Agreement between the European Union and African, Caribbean and Pacific States, has been an important codification of the interlinkages among human rights, democracy and economic development. 78. Some of these organizations, such as the African Union, the Organization of American States, the Economic Community of West African States and the International Organization of la Francophonie have systematically suspended the membership of countries opting for unconstitutional changes of government. The African Union introduced specific measures against the unconstitutional overthrow of democratically elected governments. The Biketawa Declaration of the Pacific Islands Forum and the Warsaw Declaration, both adopted in 2000, make similar commitments in respect of unconstitutional changes of power and attempts to modify national Constitutions to extend presidential terms of office. 79. The Inter-Parliamentary Union assists in establishing parliamentary systems worldwide. It has developed guidelines for good practice in parliaments and methods for assessing parliamentary performance. 80. Promoting and advancing democracy has also been a priority for a large number of civil society organizations around the world. These include the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, the International Center for Transitional Justice, the 20 See United Nations Development Programme, ―Strategy of response to transformative change championed by youth in the Arab region‖ (2012). 15