A/HRC/45/31 reduction in the level of violence in the Syrian Arab Republic since the onset of the pandemic; (b) Ensure immediate and large-scale prisoner releases. Worldwide, States have recognized that overcrowded prisons are breeding grounds for COVID-19 and have urgently implemented such steps. Given the dire detention conditions in the Syrian Arab Republic, all makeshift and temporary places of detention should be closed and steps taken to drastically improve health conditions in formal prisons and detention centres; (c) Immediately cease torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, including sexual and gender-based violence, in places of detention; cease all forms of incommunicado detention and release all persons arbitrarily detained; and take all feasible measures, under Security Council resolution 2474 (2019), to search for and reveal the fates of those detained and/or disappeared, and further establish an effective channel of communication with families to ensure that their legal, economic and psychological needs are addressed adequately; (d) Immediately cease sexual and gender-based violence against women, girls, men and boys, and take urgent measures to discipline or dismiss individuals under their command responsible for such acts. 92. Furthermore, in light of the economic crisis, food insecurity and the COVID-19 pandemic, the Commission calls upon all parties as well as the international community and individual Member States to ensure and facilitate unfettered access for independent humanitarian, protection and human rights organizations in every part of the country, including to places of confinement or detention. All obstacles to humanitarian aid should be removed, including those unintentionally caused by sanctions that have overly cumbersome humanitarian exemption procedures. The Commission reiterates the calls made by the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to ease or waive sectoral sanctions imposed on countries in order to ensure access to food, essential health supplies and COVID-19 medical support. 93. The Commission recommends that members of the Syrian National Army immediately cease all looting of civilian property, including of religious and archaeological sites, return such property to its owners, and discipline or dismiss those individuals responsible and make the findings public. In this regard, the Commission recommends that Turkey exert more efforts to ensure public order and safety in the areas under its control to prevent such violations by the Syrian National Army, and refrain from using civilian homes for military purposes. 94. The Commission recommends that the Syrian Democratic Forces make further efforts to end child recruitment by the Syrian Democratic Forces-affiliated Kurdish People’s Protection Units and Women’s Protection Units. 95. The Commission reiterates its recommendation to Member States to repatriate their nationals in the Syrian Arab Republic who are allegedly associated with ISIL, in particular children with their mothers, in accordance with the best interests of the child, and also in light of the dire camp conditions. 96. Given its findings on violations in the present report, the Commission repeats its recommendation for all Member States to continue seeking accountability, and reiterates its readiness to continue to assist in this endeavour, in close cooperation with the International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism. 20