A/HRC/25/65 Contents I. II. III. IV. V. Paragraphs Page Introduction............................................................................................................. 1–6 4 A. Challenges ...................................................................................................... 2–3 4 B. Methodology .................................................................................................. 4–6 4 Conflict dynamics ................................................................................................... 7 – 19 4 A. Government forces and pro-government militia............................................. 11 – 13 5 B. Non-State armed groups ................................................................................. 14 – 19 5 Violations in the treatment of civilians and hors de combat fighters...................... 20 – 84 7 A. Massacres and other unlawful killing ............................................................. 20 – 33 7 B. Arbitrary arrest and unlawful detention.......................................................... 34 – 40 8 C. Hostage-taking................................................................................................ 41 – 46 9 D. Enforced disappearance.................................................................................. 47 – 50 10 E Torture and ill-treatment................................................................................. 51 – 61 10 F. Sexual and gender-based violence.................................................................. 62 – 71 11 G. Violations of children’s rights ........................................................................ 72 – 84 13 Violations concerning the conduct of hostilities ..................................................... 85 – 150 14 A. Unlawful attacks............................................................................................. 85 – 106 14 B. Specifically protected persons and objects ..................................................... 107 – 126 16 C. Use of illegal weapons.................................................................................... 127 – 131 19 D. Sieges and economic, social and cultural rights ............................................. 132 – 143 19 E. Arbitrary and forcible displacement ............................................................... 144 – 150 22 Conclusions and recommendations......................................................................... 151 – 163 23 A. Conclusions .................................................................................................... 151 – 155 23 B. Recommendations .......................................................................................... 156 – 163 24 Annexes I. Correspondence with the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic ...................... 26 II. Political and humanitarian context.......................................................................... 30 III. Specific mandate on massacres............................................................................... 33 IV. Without a trace: enforced disappearances in Syria ................................................. 36 V. Government detention centres................................................................................. 46 VI. Use of barrel bombs ................................................................................................ 50 VII. Assaults on medical care........................................................................................ 55 VIII. Map of the Syrian Arab Republic ........................................................................... 63 3