A/HRC/19/74 and all forms of religious intolerance.‖ It should be noted — in view of the fact that the Human Rights Council, in resolution 6/30, calls for the integration of a gender perspective — that the 1970 Declaration, which, for the most part, paraphrases the basic provisions of the Charter, omits all reference to gender-based discrimination and the principle of gender equality. Cooperation is envisaged: ―in the economic, social and cultural fields‖ and ―in the promotion of economic growth throughout the world, especially that of the developing countries‖. C. International cooperation in specific human rights documents (a) International Bill of Human Rights 14. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is itself based on the obligations set forth in the Charter, states in its preamble that: ―Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms.‖ While the Declaration is mainly focused on the human rights of the individual, it does state, in article 26, paragraph 2, that education: ―shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace‖. In addition, article 28 states that: ―Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.‖ Thus, it is only when the two covenants are taken together that the full extent of the commitment to cooperation for the promotion of human rights is made clear. 15. Thus, pursuant to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ―each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and co-operation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized ...‖ (art. 2, para. 1). More specifically, with regard to ―the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger‖, the Covenant provides that States ―shall take, individually and through international co-operation, the measures, including specific programmes, which are needed‖ (art. 11, para. 2). Similarly, States ―recognize the benefits to be derived from the encouragement and development of international contacts and co-operation in the scientific and cultural fields‖ (art. 15, para. 4). The same wording is not found in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aside from article 1, which is common to both covenants and refers to the free disposal of natural resources ―without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law‖. In addition to the ―international assistance and cooperation‖ expressly provided for in respect of the promotion of economic, social and cultural rights, should not all human rights be promoted through international cooperation, starting with legal cooperation and technical assistance in the area of education and vocational training of public officials? (b) Other international human rights treaties 16. In certain treaties, explicit provisions refer to cooperation of the national authorities with the United Nations. One example is article 35 of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951, which specifically mentions the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. However, it is primarily in more recent treaties that explicit reference is made to cooperation. The last preambular paragraph of the Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989 recognizes ―the importance of international co-operation for improving the living conditions of children in every country, in particular in the developing countries‖, thus emphasizing the close link between cooperation and development. Article 6

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