A/HRC/19/74 (c) Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 20. The Vienna Declaration marked a turning point in the clarification of the role of international cooperation in the promotion and protection of human rights. After recalling Article 56 of the Charter of the United Nations, the Conference affirms, in the preamble to the Declaration, the ―commitment of the international community to human rights endeavours [through] an increased and sustained effort of international cooperation and solidarity‖. Recalling the international commitments of States, the Conference asserts, in paragraph 1, subparagraph 2, of the first part of the Declaration that: ―enhancement of international cooperation in the field of human rights is essential for the full achievement of the purposes of the United Nations‖. In addition, it affirms, in paragraph 4, that: ―the promotion and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms must be considered as a priority objective of the United Nations in accordance with its purposes and principles, in particular the purpose of international cooperation. In the framework of these purposes and principles, the promotion and protection of all human rights is a legitimate concern of the international community.‖ In addition to technical cooperation, which is essentially focused on promoting development, the importance of political cooperation encompassing the protection of all human rights is clearly recognized in the Declaration. Paragraph 10 states that: ―States should cooperate with each other in ensuring development and eliminating obstacles to development. The international community should promote an effective international cooperation for the realization of the right to development and the elimination of obstacles to development.‖ Elsewhere, it is specified that States and international organizations should work ―in cooperation with non-governmental organizations‖ (para. 13). 21. In more specific terms, in section C of the second part of the Declaration, entitled ―Cooperation, development and strengthening of human rights‖, it is recommended that ―priority be given to national and international action to promote democracy, development and human rights‖ (para. 66). The measures listed in paragraph 67 concern the ―strengthening of a pluralistic civil society‖ and include ―assistance for ... the conduct of … elections‖, but they also concern national structures, including penal establishments, and training of lawyers and judges. In addition, paragraph 74 states that: ―actors in the field of development cooperation should bear in mind the mutually reinforcing interrelationship between development, democracy and human rights. Cooperation should be based on dialogue and transparency.‖ (d) Durban Declaration and Programme of Action 22. The text of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action also calls repeatedly for international cooperation and reaffirms: ―the importance of the enhancement of international cooperation for the promotion and protection of human rights and for the achievement of the objectives of the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance‖. The Durban Declaration refers, more generally, to ―cooperation, partnership and inclusion‖, a ―spirit of solidarity and international cooperation‖ and ―cooperation among nations and ... peace‖. Thus, it clearly acknowledges the importance of cooperation: ―We recognize the importance of cooperation among States, relevant international and regional organizations, the international financial institutions, nongovernmental organizations and individuals in the worldwide fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and that success in this fight requires specifically taking into consideration the grievances, opinions and demands of the victims of such discrimination‖ (para. 110). While ―cooperation with affected communities‖ is recommended in the Declaration, mention is also made of cooperation to enhance international mechanisms, ―bilateral, regional and international cooperation‖ (para. 60), cooperation with NGOs (para. 69) and the development of national institutions (para. 91 (c)). 8