A/HRC/42/CRP.5 Contents Page I. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 5 II. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 8 III. Mandate and follow up the Human Rights Council resolution 39/2 ................................................ 9 A. Interpretation of the Mandate .................................................................................................. 9 B. Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 9 C. Legal Framework ..................................................................................................................... 9 The situation of the Rohingya .......................................................................................................... 17 A. Citizenship ............................................................................................................................... 18 B. Land clearance destruction, confiscation and construction ...................................................... 33 C. Restrictions .............................................................................................................................. 48 D. Security and safety ................................................................................................................... 58 E. Forced or compulsory labour ................................................................................................... 59 F. The repatriation process ........................................................................................................... 62 G. Conclusions and legal findings: the impossibility of return ..................................................... 67 The conflict between the Tatmadaw and the Arakan Army ............................................................. 80 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 80 B. The Arakan Army .................................................................................................................... 82 C. Violations by the Tatmadaw .................................................................................................... 86 D. Abuses by the Arakan Army .................................................................................................... 120 E. Gendered impacts .................................................................................................................... 123 F. Landmines ............................................................................................................................... 124 G. Threats to freedom of expression, association and the press ................................................... 125 The situation in northern Myanmar .................................................................................................. 132 A. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 132 B. Violations by the Tatmadaw and Tatmadaw sponsored militia ............................................... 135 C. Patterns of abuses by EAOs ..................................................................................................... 146 D. Landmines, improvised explosive devices and explosive remnants of war ............................. 154 E. Displacement, livelihoods and land ......................................................................................... 157 F. Situation in northern Myanmar requiring monitoring: the Kokang Self-Administered Zone .. 166 Renewed human rights violations against the ethnic Karen ............................................................. 169 A. Background .............................................................................................................................. 169 B. Recent Tatmadaw operations ................................................................................................... 170 C. Human rights impact of the road construction project ............................................................. 171 D. Killings by the Tatmadaw ........................................................................................................ 172 E. Return of Karen refugees ......................................................................................................... 173 F. Conclusions and legal findings ................................................................................................ 174 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................................. 174 IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. 2