A/HRC/35/10 33. Women and girls from ethnic and religious minorities and indigenous populations can be at particular risk of grave human rights abuses during conflict, including forced pregnancy, systematic rape, sexual abuse or sexual slavery.19 Ethnic or race-based violence against women has been recognized as a weapon of war by both the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and prosecuted accordingly.20 Recently, in South Sudan, Sudanese People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) soldiers reportedly raped Nuer women; reports also referred to the targeted killing of Dinka women and children in Juba (A/HRC/34/63, paras. 26 and 32). In Myanmar, sexual and gender-based violence has reportedly been committed against members of minority ethnic and religious groups (A /HRC/32/18, paras. 32 and 60).21 34. Women have also been increasingly targeted by violent extremist and terrorist groups, who often see them as the repositories of cultural identity (S/2016/361, para. 21). In Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and the Niger, grave human rights abuses against women and girls have reportedly been committed by Boko Haram, including killings, abduction, forced religious conversion to Islam, repeated beatings, forced marriage, forced pregnancies, forced labour and sexual slavery, violence and exploitation (see A/HRC/30/67). Similarly, in the Syrian Arab Republic, women and girls from the Yazidi community have been targeted by the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).22 35. Women and girls make up around 50 per cent of any refugee, internally displaced or stateless population.23 Discrimination, inequality and violence are all significant drivers of precarious large-scale migration movements. On their journey and at their destination, many women and girls continue to experience violations of their rights at the hands of a variety of actors, such as members of their own family, social networks, employers, border guards, police officers, detention personnel, service providers, traffickers or abusive smugglers (see A/HRC/33/67).24 A recent report jointly prepared by the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) and OHCHR showed how women migrants in Libya are exposed to a number of human rights abuses, including rape and other sexual violence.25 The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination expressed its concern at the abuse of indigenous women migrants from Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua when travelling through or arriving in Mexico, their vulnerability to kidnapping, torture and murder, and the discrimination and xenophobia that prevents them from seeking assistance and protection (CERD/C/MEX/CO/16-17, para. 20). 36. The Durban Programme of Action recognized that “root causes such as poverty, underdevelopment and lack of equal opportunity are often linked to discriminatory 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 30. “At the crossroads of gender and racial discrimination”, available from www.un.org/WCAR/ekit/gender.htm. See also the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nation Entity for the for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), UNFPA, ILO and the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, Breaking the silence on violence against indigenous girls, adolescents and young women: a call to action based on an overview of existing evidence from Africa, Asia Pacific and Latin America, 2013, p. 6. See also A/HRC/17/9, recommendation 107.67. See A/HRC/32/CRP.2. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), “Ending Statelessness”; see www.unhcr.org/women.html. See also OHCHR, Behind closed doors: protecting and promoting the rights of migrant domestic workers in an irregular situation, New York and Geneva, 2015. UNSMIL and OHCHR, “Detained and dehumanised”, report on human rights abuses against migrants in Libya, 13 December 2016. 9