A/HRC/9/12 page 3 (c) The essential link between the different spiritual, historical and cultural forms of religious discrimination and the universal nature of their underlying causes; (d) The need to create conditions conducive to encounter, dialogue and interaction in order to further social harmony, peace, respect for human rights and development and to combat all forms of racism, xenophobia and discrimination as they relate to all religions and spiritual traditions; (e) The need to renew the approach to the problem of the defamation of religions by focusing on the principles and norms embodied in international human rights instruments, in particular article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.