A/HRC/29/32 48. Many States recognize the lawfulness of maintaining the anonymity of journalists’ sources. The Mexican Supreme Court and Mexican Code of Criminal Procedures recognize the right of journalists to maintain the anonymity of their sources; yet pressures on journalists are in fact severe. 43 The Constitutions of Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador and Paraguay explicitly protect sources; Chile, El Salvador, Panama, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) protect sources in law. 44 The Mozambique Constitution protects sources, while Angola purports to do so by statute. 45 Australia, Canada, Japan and New Zealand have established case-specific judicial balancing tests to analyse source protection, although pressure on journalists may undermine such protections over time. 46 States often breach source anonymity in practice, even where it is provided for in law. Prohibition of anonymity 49. Prohibition of anonymity online interferes with the right to freedom of expression. Many States ban it regardless of any specific government interest. The Constitution of Brazil (art. 5) prohibits anonymous speech. The Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (art. 57) similarly prohibits anonymity. In 2013, Viet Nam outlawed the use of pseudonyms, which forced individuals with personal blogs to publicly list their real name and address. 47 In 2012, the Islamic Republic of Iran required the registration of all IP addresses in use inside the country and cybercafe users to register their real names before using a computer. 48 Ecuadoran law requires commenters on websites and mobile phone owners to register under a real name.49 50. Certain States have passed laws that require real-name registration for online activity, a kind of ban on anonymity. In the Russian Federation, bloggers with 3,000 or more daily readers must register with the media regulator and identify themselves publicly, and cybercafe users reportedly must provide identification to connect to public wireless facilities.50 China reportedly announced regulations requiring Internet users to register real 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 See new Federal Code of Criminal Procedures, art. 244. See Argentina, Constitution, art. 43; Brazil, Constitution, title II, chap. I, art. 5, XIV; Ecuador, Constitution, art. 20; Paraguay, Constitution, art. 29 (1). See also Chile, Law 19,733; El Salvador, Criminal Procedure Code; Panama, Law 67, art. 21; Peru, Criminal Procedure Code; Uruguay, Law 16.099; Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Law for Journalism 4.819, art. 8. See Mozambique, Constitution, art. 48(3); Angola, Press Law 7/06, art. 20(1). Australia Evidence Amendment (Journalists’ Privilege) Act 2007; Canada, Court of Queen’s Bench of Alberta, Wasylyshen v. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (2005); Japan, Case 2006 (Kyo) No. 19 (2006); New Zealand Evidence Act, sect. 68 (2006). Human Rights Watch, “Vietnam: http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/02/23/vietnam-new-decreepunishes-pressnew http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/02/23/vietnam-new-decree-punishespressdecree http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/02/23/vietnam-new-decree-punishespresspunishes http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/02/23/vietnam-new-decree-punishespresspress”, 23 February, 2011; Freedom House, “Vietnam: freedom of the press”, 2012; Article 19, Comment http://www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/1830/11-06-20-commvietnam.pdfon http://www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/1830/11-06-20-commvietnam.pdfDecree No. 02 of 2011 on Administrative Responsibility for Press and Publication Activities of the Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (June 2011). Islamic Republic of Iran, Bill 106, Communication Regulation Authority. See http://www.derechoambiental.org/derecho/legislacion/ley_organica_comunicacion_ecuador _2013.htmlEcuador, Organic Law on Communications (2013). 50 Bill No. 428884-6 http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%2528spravkanew%2529?openagent&rn=4288846&02 http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%2528spravkanew%2529?openagent&rn=428884- 18