A/HRC/14/25 areas” (e.g. if certain jobs can only be held by nationals, or a legal requirement that makes access to the housing market more difficult for extended families).68 80. It is clear that the provision and exercise of inclusive education cannot alone meet the challenge to social justice inherent in migration. It is but one central component of the required national and international response. Its absence, however, ensures that social justice remains beyond our reach. 81. As such, the recommendations below must be accompanied by, and meet, the powerful need for the development and implementation of social policies to protect migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers against the adverse economic and social consequences inherent to their vulnerability in the realization of their right to education.69 82. Regarding the legal and normative framework, the Special Rapporteur is of the view that: • To ensure the elimination of discrimination, and the successful integration and social justice for migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers, the normative boundaries of the right to education have to be shifted towards the inclusion of all types and levels of education. • Although there may be States which grant the right to education for migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers although they have not ratified the respective international instruments discussed earlier,70 the Special Rapporteur urges Governments of immigration countries in particular to sign and ratify these existing, relevant legal instruments. • There is a need for the development of mechanisms that permit the monitoring of the implementation of binding legislation and obligations regarding the right to education for migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers. • As the International Conference on Population and Development (1994) identified migration as a consequence of significant global economic transformations,71 the Special Rapporteur is particularly concerned by the fact that half of the world’s out-of-school children — 39 million — live in conflictaffected areas.72 Moreover, as 80 per cent of all refugees are hosted by countries of the developing world, which figure shows that a disproportionate burden is carried by those least able to afford it,73 increased international cooperation and sharing of responsibility is required, as called for in the International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Dakar Framework for Action adopted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 2000. As underdevelopment is a “principal root 68 69 70 71 72 73 GE.10-12879 See A Brief History of Neoliberalism, pp. 274–275. See Rachel Sabates-Wheeler and Myrtha Waite, “Migration and Social Protection: A Concept Paper”, Working Paper T2 (Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, Sussex, 2003), p. 12. See António Gutierres, “Protection challenges for persons of concern in urban setting”, Forced Migration Review, No. 34 (February 2010). See Report of the International Conference on Population and Development (A/CONF.171/13), preamble 1.10. See Janice Dolan, Last in Line, Last in School: How donors are failing children in conflict-affected fragile States (Cambridge, International Save the Children Alliance, 2007). See “2008 Global Trends: Refugees, Asylum-seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons”; also http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/124516153829.htm. 19