A/HRC/16/56 links. But mandatory reporting is also relevant in cases when acts of violence are committed by a colleague. The United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Liberty indicate: “Personnel who have reasons to believe that a serious violation of the present Rules has occurred or is about to occur should report the matter to their superior authorities or organs vested with reviewing or remedial power.”44 57. The Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children provide that all agencies and facilities for children in need of alternative care “should develop a staff code of conduct … [that] includes clear reporting procedures on allegations of misconduct by any team member” (para. 107). 58. Reporting is particularly important for those who provide medical or psychosocial assistance within residential facilities. The failure of such personnel to report evidence of violent treatment contributes to an atmosphere of impunity that can easily lead to a persistent pattern of violence. 59. In some countries, such as in the United States of America, federal law requires Internet service providers who have actual knowledge of child pornography on their servers to report such information to the CyberTipline of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. 60. The authors of the present report consider that standards establishing an obligation to report violence should be incorporated into the regulations or rules of conduct of all institutions or agencies that deal on a regular basis with children at risk of violence, such as residential facilities, schools, medical services for children and law enforcement bodies. (c) Voluntary reporting 61. Several countries contributing to the present report mentioned the adoption of special measures to encourage the reporting of violence against children, including sexual violence perpetrated by tourists. One country reported that every citizen had an obligation to file a complaint in cases of child rights violations; another reported having in place legislation to protect those who report child abuse. In some countries, service providers in the child protection system or schools are obliged to signal a situation to the child welfare system, setting in motion procedures in cases of child abuse. In others, there are channels that allow children themselves to report a risky situation, through telephone hotlines established by such entities as the ombudsman. Some countries have special e-mail addresses or toll-free numbers, including for reporting suspected cases of child sexual exploitation of children on the Internet. One country reported that it is currently conducting an assessment of the obstacles faced by victims of crimes to make complaints. 62. Two thirds of the UNICEF country offices that responded to the questionnaire reported that the country in which they were based had established a programme to encourage voluntary reporting. However, most also reported that the law does not protect persons who make a report. 63. Another example of voluntary reporting is the Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism. Tour operators and tourism organizations that adopt and sign the Code of Conduct commit to informing customers on their child protection policy, to training staff, to reporting and to applying other measures to protect children. 64. One legislative measure that encourages voluntary reporting is the recognition of the confidentiality of the identity of persons who report violence. The Council of Europe 44 14 Para. 87 (c).