A/HRC/41/35/Add.3 accounts of protesters to promote a link to a malware infected website disguised as the official website belonging to March for Justice. (Id., 4). The attackers promoted the site using popular hashtags and retweets of legitimate content, and also shared the link on the March for Justice Facebook group. (Id., 3-6). Deep Packet Inspection 13. Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) tools are tools that allow users to monitor and analyze all traffic passing through internet and telecommunications networks. Governments are able to block access to websites by either redirecting network users to download infected versions of popular software, including antivirus software, or adding malicious traffic to Internet connections to prevent networks users from accessing a website the government wants to block. Narus and Sandvine, which are based in the U.S., have sold DPI tools to the government of Egypt. Civil society fears that these tools are being used in the government’s ongoing crackdown on journalists. (CPJ, 3 - 4) Sandvine’s DPI products have also been linked to the censorship of websites belonging to the media or opposition parties in Egypt and Turkey. (Association for Freedom of thought and Expression, Egypt (“AFTE”), 6) Large-Scale Monitoring Software 14. In addition to developing tools that target specific devices or accounts, some companies help governments build and operate systems capable of large-scale surveillance. Verint Systems and NICE Systems, based in Israel, develop and sell monitoring center platforms that enable governments to monitor and intercept internet traffic across all domestic networks. This “critical interception infrastructure” has reportedly been sold to the government of Colombia. (CPJ, 4-5; Al Sur, 3). Nexa, previously named Amesys and based in France, sells both large-scale monitoring centers and targeted surveillance tools (International Federation for Human Rights (“FIDH”), 2-3; AFTE, 6). Amesys’ large-scale monitoring software Cerebro allows authorities to engage in “a comprehensive surveillance of communications through DPI, including voice calls, text messages, e-mails, instant messages, social networks, and search engine searches.” (AFTE Submission, 5). This software has been linked to attacks on civil society and other human rights abuses in Libya and Egypt. (Privacy International, 5; FIDH, 2). In Brazil, Digitro Tecnologia designs and sells monitoring systems that “allo[w] up to 30 people to work simultaneously on mobile phones, landlines and emails.” The government of Uruguay and the Brazilian Federal Police are reportedly customers. (Derechos Digitales, 2). International Mobile Subscriber Identity-catchers 15. International Mobile Subscriber Identity-catchers (IMSIs) intercept mobile communications by mimicking the strongest nearby cell tower where they are located and draw the connection of personal communication devices. The connection allows IMSIcatchers to acquire data that observers may use to monitor telephone calls and location data. IMSI-catchers have widespread use, often by law enforcement and intelligence agencies (International Network of Civil Liberties Organizations, 8). The use of IMSIs has been documented in United States, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom and South Africa (Id., 8-9). In South Africa, IMSI-catchers are deployed without judicial oversight (ALT Advisory and Right2Know Campaign, 12). IMSI-catchers and other tools were also used in the Philippines to “hunt down and kill dealers and addicts” as part of the government’s war on drugs (Southeast Asian Press Alliance (“SEAPA”), 1). Biometric Surveillance 16. In China, companies develop, export, and facilitate an extensive range of surveillance technologies including biometrics identification systems, and facial recognition and gait recognition software (Human Rights in China (“HRIC”), 1). Gait recognition developed by the Chinese company Watrix, for example, identifies individuals by the manner in which they walk (Chinese Human Rights Defenders (“CHRD”), 2). In Paraguay, facial recognition systems are being used to monitor downtown areas and football stadiums. (AI Sur, 5- 6). In Brazil, facial recognition software has been deployed to “prevent fraud on buses” and in airports and public schools. (Internet Lab, 6 - 7). In 2014, Venezuela 5