A/HRC/21/22 (e) International accountability calls for the systematic integration of information on efforts to prevent and reduce maternal mortality and morbidity into reports submitted to international human rights mechanisms, including regional human rights bodies, treaty monitoring bodies and for the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council, together with implementation of recommendations thereof. 75. A human rights-based approach depends on fostering accountability of multiple actors and at various levels, within and beyond the health sector, including, but not limited to: (a) Professional accountability. Although front-line health workers must not be treated as scapegoats for institutional failures, effective standards should be in place to ensure quality of care, and sanctions by professional associations, medical councils and/or licensing bodies should be applied in the event of proven negligence, abuse or malpractice, irrespective of whether providers are tenured; (b) Institutional accountability. Accountability at the facility level requires continuous oversight and regular follow-up with regard to any gaps identified. Complaint procedures should be instituted in all facilities for health system users, including appeal procedures for decisions by institutional management or ethics committees denying access to any form of sexual and reproductive health care. Furthermore, internal ombudsperson procedures should be instituted for review of health workers’ complaints in each facility, with possibility for appeal; (c) Health system accountability. In addition to continuous systemic monitoring and regular diagnostics of obstacles, reviews of all maternal deaths should be conducted routinely in order that lessons may be learned at all levels of the health system:from individuals’ behaviour and practices to national policies, and along the continuum of care from home to hospital. Maternal death reviews should be conducted in the spirit of shared responsibility rather than attributing blame, and to inform actions to prevent future maternal deaths; (d) Private actor accountability. Corporate enterprises and other non-State actors have a responsibility to respect women’s sexual and reproductive health rights, which means that they should act with “due diligence” or appropriate care to avoid interfering with such human rights.45 In turn, appropriate laws, policies, regulations and guidelines should be established and enforced by the State with regard to such infringements; (e) Donor accountability. Donors have obligations of international assistance and cooperation with regard to sexual and reproductive health rights, including both financial and non-financial obligations, as described below. C. Remedies 76. Remedies are essential to give effect to rights. They may take the form of restitution, compensation, satisfaction or guarantees of non-repetition.46 Remedies may be administrative, but appeal to judicial review from administrative proceedings will often be appropriate.47 Remedies may also be provided through a national human rights institution. 45 46 47 See A/HRC/17/31. E/C.12/2000/4, para. 59. E/C.12/1998/24, para. 9. 17