A/HRC/31/58 the British “Stop it Now!” prevention campaign, which has launched several videos to deter potential offenders.47 55. Only the delivery of comprehensive human rights education by adequately trained professionals to society at large can lead to the eradication of the root causes of the demand for child sexual exploitation, such as the disregard and commodification of children. The core principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child must be continuously promoted and engrained across the world, namely non-discrimination (art. 2), the best interests of the child (art. 3), the right to life, survival and development (art. 6) and respect for the views of the child (art. 12). 2. Accountability of offenders (a) Sanctions 56. The cornerstone of any effective policy to reduce the demand factor is accountability, which gives the assurance that the crimes will be fully investigated, prosecuted and sanctioned. Accountability, in particular with a comprehensive and commensurate set of criminal penalties, is also a fundamental deterrent. As outlined above in the section on the legal framework, international and regional instruments set clear standards for the criminalization of the sexual exploitation of children. The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography states in article 3 (3) that the offences in question must be punishable by appropriate penalties that take into account their grave nature. The United Nations Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence against Children in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice confirm the same notion of appropriate penalties taking into account the grave nature of the offences. They add the notion of aggravating circumstances as well as criminal responsibility even when under the influence of substances. The Model Strategies also urge Member States to ensure that safety risks, including the vulnerability of victims, are taken into account in decisions concerning non-custodial sentences, bail, conditional release, parole or probation, especially when dealing with repeat and dangerous offenders. 48 57. The Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse is particularly specific and states that such offences should be “punishable by effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanctions, taking into account their seriousness” (art. 27 (1)). The accompanying explanatory report sheds further light on the type of penalties as it links prison sentences, which must be provided by parties, to the possibility of extradition, which is only granted in cases of offences punishable by deprivation of liberty or under a detention order of at least one year. 49 Furthermore, the Convention requires parties to allow the perpetrator to be banned, temporarily or permanently, from carrying on the activity involving contact with children, whether professional or voluntary, in the course of which the offence was committed. In relation to perptrators, the Convention also provides for the possibility for parties to withdraw parental rights or to monitor or supervise convicted persons.50 58. The Convention is also important in respect to intermediaries. Indeed, it specifically lists measures such as the seizure and confiscation of proceeds derived from the relevant 47 48 49 50 14 See www.stopitnow.org.uk/. See General Assembly resolution 69/194, annex, para. 27 (e). See the explanatory report to the Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse – Council of Europe Treaty Series- No. 201, para. 182. Ibid, paras. 187, 191 and 192.