A/HRC/31/58 tourism, target children of a different ethnicity because they believe that the children are inferior and/or that the local culture condones the sexual exploitation of children. 39 In addition, caste-based systems or similarly entrenched inequities enable the offender to justify the sexual exploitation of children from lower castes or groups. Discrimination based on sexual orientation is also a source of demand, since the sexual exploitation of homosexual or transgender children can be seen in certain cultures as acceptable. Indeed, in those contexts the sexual orientation of the child is condemned and his or her exploitation is blamed on him or her.40 46. The real or perceived absence of accountability for crimes against children empowers sexual offenders and guides their choice of destinations when they travel. Moreover, the demand thrives on corruption and the complacency or even complicity of law enforcement. Impunity can also derive from social and cultural norms of shame which prevent the reporting of child sexual exploitation. Notions of honour and shame will lead to the blaming of the child victim and even his or her exclusion from the family or the community. 47. Intrinsically related to the impunity of offenders is the inappropriate care given to child victims of sexual abuse or exploitation. Research on preferential offenders has demonstrated that a significant percentage of them were themselves victims of abuse and exploitation during their childhood.41 A lack of care, recovery and reintegration of child victims can thus indirectly fuel the demand. 48. External factors, such as humanitarian crises or conflicts, can also foster the demand factor. The ensuing chaos and lawlessness empowers offenders to target vulnerable children in order to sell and/or sexually exploit them. 42 D. Measures to reduce and eradicate demand 49. The Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography explicitly call for the prevention of the sexual exploitation of children. It is thus the duty of States parties to those instruments to take all appropriate measures to fulfil that obligation. Proactive measures to address the demand factor should be an upmost priority. A prerequisite is to study and map the demand for the sexual exploitation of children in order to develop fitting and coherent policies. A broad strategy is then necessary to deal with all the levels of the demand and can be based on a three-pronged approach. Firstly, prevention is necessary to address the majority of underlying factors of the demand as well as to dissuade individuals from committing such heinous crimes. Secondly, it is essential to deal with existing offenders by ensuring accountability, which also addresses the underlying factor of impunity. Lastly, to be able to prevent reoffending, there should be evidence and results-based rehabilitation programmes. The involvement of the private sector is crucial in this broad strategy. 39 40 41 42 12 Protection project “International child sex tourism: Scope of the problem and comparative case studies”, John Hopkins University, 2007, p. 23. ECPAT International, “Informe de monitoreo de país sobre la explotación sexual comercial de niñas, niños y adolescentes en Guatemala”, 2014, p. 19. United States Department of Justice, “Sex Offender Management Assessment and Planning Initiative”, 2014, pp. 64-65. A/HRC/19/63, paras. 27-31.