A/HRC/38/16 59. Liechtenstein was committed to combating human trafficking and modern slavery. It planned to focus on identifying and disrupting the illicit financial flows associated with human trafficking and modern slavery. 60. In 2015, official development assistance as a share of gross national income had stood at 0.46 per cent and the intention was to improve on that figure in the near future. 61. As to the incorporation into domestic law of a distinct crime of torture, in strict conformity with article 1 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, a government working group had recently prepared a revised version of the Criminal Code. By incorporating the planned new elements into the Criminal Code, Liechtenstein would be implementing the recommendations of the Committee against Torture and those made during the universal periodic review. 62. Liechtenstein had signed the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance in 2007 and there were no substantial problems regarding its ratification. The Government was currently working to introduce a definition of enforced disappearance into the Criminal Code: once that process had been completed, the Government would both re-evaluate and discuss its position on ratification of the Convention. Liechtenstein was not, and did not intend in the near future to become, a member of the International Labour Organization (ILO), therefore, it could not ratify ILO instruments. Liechtenstein attached great importance to social and economic rights. As a full member of the European Economic Area, Liechtenstein had been transposing all relevant European Union legislation, including labour standards, into domestic law. Many of those labour standards went far beyond what the ILO instruments stipulated. The Government did not have any plans to sign or ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. 63. Turning to the advance questions, remarks and recommendations regarding measures taken to ensure equitable working conditions, including wage indicators, for immigrants and nationals, Liechtenstein applied the same high labour and social security standards as all European Union member States. Those standards were applied equally to all employees in Liechtenstein. Unemployment was very low by international standards. The annual average in 2016 had been 2.3 per cent. Among foreign nationals, the average unemployment rate in 2016 had been 3.4 per cent, slightly higher than that for Liechtenstein citizens, which had been 1.6 per cent. There were more than 15 generally binding collective bargaining agreements governing minimum wages, working hours and other employment conditions, to counteract social or wage dumping. 64. De facto equality between men and women remained a challenge. Many measures in that regard had been implemented based on the Gender Equality Act. 65. The gender wage gap had fallen continuously over the past eight years, from 20 per cent in 2006 to 16.5 per cent in 2014. 66. In order to ensure the integration of migrant children, a number of language learning support initiatives had been launched, such as intensive German-as-a-second-language courses for newly arrived children and adolescents, obligatory school enrolment and early education, involving the participation of parents. 67. Liechtenstein promoted the integration of immigrants and offered protection to refugees, in line with the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. There were no plans to revise the legal framework regarding family reunification issues, as the existing legislation was compatible with international obligations and the right to family life was guaranteed. There was a fast track in place for refugee family reunification. 68. All asylum seekers had access to free legal counselling throughout the asylum process and, should they so desire, to legal aid and representation when appealing against government decisions. 69. In 2016, an amendment to article 283 the Criminal Code had entered into force, introducing a comprehensive prohibition on discrimination, including all types of hate speech. While previously only racial discrimination had constituted a criminal offence, public incitement to hatred or discrimination on the grounds of language, nationality, 9